Download - The Dirty 30s
The Worst Hard Time
Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at CSU East Bay
Kevin P. Dincherwww.kevindincher.com
Big mountains and large bodies of water Limit, separate, define, protect, secure
Major rivers Unite, move
Flat, open Spaces Easy movement, lack of definition, lack
of security
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Plains Indians
•Arikara•Hidatsa•Iowa•Kaw (or Kansa) •Kitsai•Mandan •Missouria •Omaha •Osage•Otoe •Pawnee•Ponca•Quapaw•Wichita•Sioux
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Plains Indians
•Semi-sedentary• Lived in villages
•Buffalo• Raised crops• Traded with
other tribes
•Horse• 1519: Cortés
• 12 horses• 1539: Coronado
• 558 horses• 1592: Juan de
Oñate • 7000 horses
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• Original range• Range as of 1870• Range as of 1889
• Dark numbers indicate number of bison as of January 1st 1889
• Buffalo Bill Cody• Ulysses S. Grant (1874)• Philip Sheridan (1875)
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Indian Removal Act (1830)
Trail of Tears
Nation Pop. In the SE
# Stayed in SE
# Removed Deaths
Choctaw 19,554 plus 6,000 slaves
7,000 12,500 2,000 – 4,000
Creek 22,700 plus 900 slaves
Few hundred 19,600 3,500
Chickasaw 4,914 plus 1,156 slaves
Few hundred 4000+ 500 – 800
Cherokee 21,500 plus 2000+ slaves
1,000 20,000 + 2000 slaves
2,000 – 8,000
Seminole 5,000 plus unknown # of fugitive slaves
250 – 500 2,833 ?
700 in 2nd Seminole War
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1849: CA Gold Rush
1859: CO Gold Rush
1874: Black Hills Gold Rush
The Indian Wars on the Great Plains Dakota War (1862)
Colorado War (1863 – 1865)
Red Cloud’s War (1866 – 1868)
Sheridan Campaigns (1868-1869)
Great Sioux War (Black Hills War, 1876-1877) Battle of the Little Bighorn (Custer’s Last Stand) Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)
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Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche
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Buffalo Soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment, 1890
Buffalo soldiers fought in the last engagement of the Indian Wars; the small Battle of Bear Valley in southern Arizona which occurred in 1918 between U.S. cavalry and Yaqui natives
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13Buffalo Soldiers who participated in
the Spanish American War
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Farming the Great Plains Manifest Destiny
Continentalism and America’s changing self-image
Immigration Population changes and
homesteading
Industrialization and the Gilded Age
America’s changing relationship with nature
Progressive Era Reform and renewal Conservation and
Environmentalism
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First Transcontinental Railroad
1862: Abraham Lincoln
1869: Completed
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First Transcontinental Railroad
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1860: 30,626 miles 1870: 52,922 miles
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201870 to 1880: added about 40,000 miles = 93,267 miles
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1880 to 1890: added about 70,300 miles = 163,597 miles1860 to 1890: W of Miss. Increased from 2,175 mi to 72,389 mi
Railroads
Impacted Immigration
NY to CA 6 days instead of 6
weeks
Great Plains
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Civil War •Demand for transportation
• People• Materials/Munitions• Food
•Demand for goods and food• Sewing machines• Canning and meat
packing• Grain
•Demand for immigrants• Cheap labor• Result: urbanization
•Demand for natural resources
Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) Reconstruction Era (1865 – 1877)Gilded Age (1877 – Titanic?)
“Railroad Boom” Steel in western Pennsylvania Coal and oil Mining Lumber Cattle Farming
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Post Civil War Boom (1865 – 1900) Railroad Boom
Immigration and cities
Increased demand for manufactured goods
Increased demand for resources
Growing number of extremely rich people
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Immigration and cities 1860 – 1870: US population grew from 31m to
38m 2.3m immigrants (90 percent of them from Europe) 1870: 5 percent of the U.S. population were foreign
born Immigrants comprised 20 percent of the labor force
1870 – 1880: US population grew to 50m
Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people
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Immigration and cities
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New York Boston Chicago Buffalo St. Louis1800 60,515 24,9371840 312,710 93,383 4,470 18,213 16,4691860 813,669 177,840 112,172 81,129 160,7731870 942,292 250,526 298,977 117,714 310,8641900 3,437,202 448,477 1,099,850 225,664 451,7701910 4,766,883 670,585 2,185,283 423,715 687,0291920 5,620,048 748,060 2,701,705 506,775 772,897
1921: Emergency Quota Act 1924: Immigration Act
Immigration and cities
Abundance of cheap labor … and poor people
Impacts: Prices of manufactured goods Urbanization of America
Living conditions Relationship with nature
Increased demand
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Increased demand for manufactured goods Processed (canned) food Food transported in
Extremely Poor
Middle Class
Extremely Rich
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Land “Speculation”
Great Plains Suitcase Farmers Consolidating Farms
Rockies, California, Northwest Timber/Mining
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Increased demand for resources
Growing number of extremely rich people
Robber Barons
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Robber Barons Middle Ages, Germany
Tolls on the Rhine
Businessmen of the 1800s who used exploitative practices to amass wealth exerting control over national
resources accruing high levels of government
influence paying extremely low wages squashing competition by
acquiring competitors in order to create monopolies and eventually raise prices
schemes to sell stock at inflated prices to unsuspecting investors in order to destroy the company for which the stock was issued and impoverish investors
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John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) Andrew Carnegie (steel) Charles Crocker (railroads) Henry Clay Frick (steel) Mark Hopkins (railroads) Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) John D. Rockefeller (oil) Charles M. Schwab (steel) John D. Spreckels (sugar) Leland Stanford (railroads) Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads)
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Gilded Age Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner
The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today
Satire: serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold
In 1890, 11.5 million of the nation’s 12 million families earned less than $1200 per year
Average annual income of this group was $380 60% of the nation lived below the poverty line
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The Breakers, Newport, RI (1893)Vanderbilt “cottage”70-rooms with approximately 65,000 sq. ft. of living space
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The main house contains 178,926 square feet, 250 rooms, 43 bathrooms, 85 fireplaces, 3 kitchens, an indoor swimming pool and bowling alley
(Biltmore is still owned by the Vanderbilt family).
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40Carson Mansion, Eureka, CA -- 16,200 sq. ft. and 18 rooms
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41Hopkins Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA
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42Crocker Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA (location of Grace Cathedral)
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43Huntington Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA
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44Stanford Mansion, Nob Hill, San Francisco, CA
Gilded Age
Economic boom
Political corruption
60% living below poverty level
Natural resources
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Land Management?
Before 1870’s: “wholesale giveaway” HomesteadingPublic AuctionCheap sales/lease
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Land Management?
1871: Ferdinand Hayden (geologist) Preliminary Report of the United States Geological
Survey of Montana and Portions of Adjacent Territories; Being a Fifth Annual Report of Progress
Painter: Thomas Moran Civil War Photographer: William Henry Jackson
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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created
U. S. Grant 3,468.4 square miles primarily in Wyoming Jurisdiction: U.S. Army 1917: transferred to newly created National Park
Service
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem The largest remaining, nearly intact ecosystem in the
Earth's northern temperate zone.
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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created
1878: Timber and Stone Act (Hayes)
Permits cutting of time on public land to increase farm acreage
Special Agent, Department of Agriculture Quality/condition of forests in the US
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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created
1878: Special Agent, Department of Agriculture Quality/condition of forests in the US
1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison) Presidential power to set aside reserves in the public
domain managed by the Department of the Interior
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Land Management?
1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison) Presidential power to set aside reserves in the
public domain managed by the Department of the Interior
National Forests Harrison: 13 million acres Cleveland: 25 million acres McKinley: 7 million acres
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Land Management? 1872: Yellowstone National Park created
1878: Special Agent, Department of Agriculture
1891: Forest Reserve Act (Harrison)
1892: Sierra Club established by John Muir
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Era of Reform Politics Labor and Work
Conditions Social Issues Cities Land/Resource
Management Conservation and
Environmentalism
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1849: emigrated to US
1860: University of Wisconsin-Madison
1864 – 1866: Canada
1868: San Francisco and Yosemite
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"We are now in the mountains and they are in us, kindling enthusiasm, making every nerve quiver, filling every pore and cell of us."
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"No temple made with hands can compare with Yosemite... The grandest of all special temples of Nature."
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First Summer in the Sierra (1911). Muir's biographer, Frederick Turner: "blazes from the page with the authentic force of a conversion experience."
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1871: Ralph Waldo Emerson -- Tanscendentalism•Inherent goodness of both people and nature•Institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—ultimately corrupt the purity of the individual•"individuality and freedom•The ability for humankind to realize almost anything•The relationship between the soul and the surrounding world
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We all flow from one fountain—Soul. All are expressions of one love. God does not appear, and flow out, only from narrow chinks and round bored wells here and there in favored races and places, but He flows in grand undivided currents, shoreless and boundless over creeds and forms and all kinds of civilizations and peoples and beasts, saturating all and fountainizing all.“
Letter to Catharine Merrill from New Sentinel Hotel, Yosemite Valley (9 June 1872);
Activism: Yosemite 1889: Editor, Century Magazine 1890:
2 articles: another Yellowstone Congress: legislation -- state control
1892: Sierra Club founded Maintain Yosemite size 1902: National Park (rather than National Forest) 1905: Congress transferred the Mariposa Grove 1913: Hetch Hetchy Dam (Woodrow Wilson)
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Conflict and Opposition Conflict
Teddy Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Service) Conversation
"forestry is tree farming" without destroying the long-term viability of the forests
http://youtu.be/YPhG3Q6r_-M
Opposition Against the Forest Service 1907: Roosevelt designated 16 million acres of new
National Forests
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The Great Fire of 1910 The Big Burn The Big Blowup
August: 1,000 to 3,000 fires Idaho, Montana, Washington and British Columbia
Firestorm burned over two days (August 20–21, 1910),
Burned 3m acres (Connecticut) Killed 87 people,[including 78 firefighters. The largest (although not the deadliest), fire in
recorded U.S. history.
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http://youtu.be/3HEJlOUQGVg
Heroes of the Great Fire of 1910
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