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The Crusades
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Target
• 1. Identify and describe the goal,
important people, and results of each of
the Crusades
• 2. Compare “Crusade” siege tactics to
those used in the film “Kingdom of
Heaven”
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The First Crusade• Early 1097
• 3 huge armies of Knights gathered
• Most from France
• Well prepared
• Trek through the desert
• 2 years
• Goal: Jerusalem
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Siege of Jerusalem• 12,000 knights (1/4 the original army)
• Besieged city for 1 month
• July, 1099- The Capture of Jerusalem
• 70,000 Muslim men and women were slaughtered
• Jews were herded into a temple and burned
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What did they win?
• 400 mile narrow strip
of land
• From Edessa to
Jerusalem
• 4 feudal states each
ruled by a French
Duke or Count
• Many wanted to
return home
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Did the Victory Last Long?
• NO!
• Crusader states were vulnerable to Muslim attack
• 1144- Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks
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Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• -Goal: recapture Edessa
• -Crusader states (outposts) fought among themselves; failed to achieve their goal
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Saladin
• Muslims wanted to
kick out the Christians
• capable Moslem
leader who vowed to
lead a Holy War
against the Crusaders
• took advantage of
quarrels among the
Crusader states and
re-conquered
Jerusalem
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Fortifications
• City Walls
• 2 main features:
• 1. serve as an
obstacle or barrier to
attacking forces
• 2. protection for the
defenders
• Defense
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Advantages of Fortifications
• 1. Permanent (earth or stone)
• 2. provided protection
• 3. can be successful with less
men
• 4. cheaper than maintaining a
large army
• 5. costly for enemies to attack
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Disadvantages
• 1. Immobile
• 2. Costly to build
• 3. Had to be
maintained and
manned
• 3. Subjected to
effective siege
methods
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Siege Tactics• 1. Direct Attack
• -scale the walls with ladders or
towers
• 2. Tunneling under the walls to
cause collapse
• 3. Battering ram, knockdown
the gate or walls
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Siege Tactics
• 4. Siege artillery to hurl missiles against and over walls
• -Ballista
• -trebuchets (600 yards)
• Burning objects
• Dead animals or people
• 5. Blockade the target to starve out the defender
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Ballista
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Trebuchet
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Problems with Besieging
• Costly in men, materials, and time
• -logistical nightmare
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Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• Jerusalem still held by Moslems
• Inspired the three most powerful rulers in Europe to band together
• 1. Frederick Barbarossa(HRE)
• 2. Philip Augustus(France)
• 3. Richard the Lion Hearted(England)
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Third Crusade
• Frederick Barbarossa drowned in river and his men returned home
• Philip Augustus and Richard argued bitterly and Philip decided to return to France
• Richard stayed to fight Saladin alone
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Third Crusade• Richard captured Acre (important port
in Palestine) after a 21 month siege.
• Could not capture Jerusalem
• 3rd Crusade accomplished little
• Rivalry between European kingdoms
• Richard did make a political
agreement with Saladin
• giving pilgrims free access to the city
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Fourth Crusade (1202-1204):
• Jerusalem still in Moslem hands
• Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade
• Several thousand French Knights met in Venice
• knights had no $ to pay for passage
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Fourth Crusade• agreed to capture
Venetians trade rival Zara
• Zara was a Catholic city
• knights got involved (urged on by the Venetians) in a plot to capture Constantinople
• succeeded in capturing Constantinople and looting the city
• started the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople which lasted only until 1261
• 4th Crusade further split the Western and Eastern Europe
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Results of the Crusades
• Europe is different
• things transferred
West
• education
• New ideas and
products
• Ideas of warfare
• Examples:
• fortifications