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The Arrival of High Temperature Superconductors
APS March Meeting 2011March 21, 2011; Dallas, Texas
Paul C. W. Chu
Texas Center for SuperconductivityUniversity of Houston
&Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratroy
‐ I would like to dedicate this talk to those who have had and will continueto have the privilege to experience many sleepless nights
for the health of HTS for the last 25 years and years to come ‐
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Ralph Waldo Emerson once said:
“There is properly no history; only biography.”and
“Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you that you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising that tempt you to believe that your critics are right. To map out a course of action and to follow it to the end requires courage.”
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• The lure of superconductivity:intellectual challenges and technological promises
100 years of superconductivity study
• The major driving force:the search for superconductors of higher Tc
• The search will go on:God is kinder to physicists than to mountaineers to whom the final goal of Mt. Everest is already granted and reached, and the excitement ceases once they get there.
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“High Temperature Superconductors (HTS)” or High Tc is a relative term: Superconducting compounds with a Tc comparable to the then existing record, which rises with time.
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Three Stages of Tc- Evolution
?
竹‐chiku(take)
松‐shou(matsu)
梅‐bai(ume)
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• KFSe• AC60
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LTS
1911 19571953
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?
VHTS/RTS ?? ?? ?
HTS
Tc ≤ 23.2 KElements &IntermetallicsA15
Tc ≤ 134/164 KCuprates:
m2(n‐1)nFe‐Pnictides:1111, 111, 11, 122
1986 1987 2008...etc.
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To raise Tc (before 1986)
• BCS APPROACH:Cooper Pair (1956)Tc = 1.14θDexp(‐1/NV) (1957)
‐ To raise the Tc ‐ enhance θD, N(0) & V‐ Tc ≤ 23.2 K (1973‐86)‐ Excellent descriptive power but little/no Tc‐ predictability
• ENLIGHTENED EMPIRICAL APPROACH:Matthias e/a Rule (1953)
‐ Highest Tcs at e/a ~ 4.75 & 6.4‐Works well for crystalline inter‐metallic materialsbut not for amorphous materials or oxides
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060304CWC
LTS
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LTS (before 1986)
• Experimentally:
‐ Tc ≤ 23.2 K (1973 ‐ 1986)
• Theoretically:
‐ Tc < 30’s K (instabilities)
Confidence crisis in the search for higher Tc100318CWC
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The New Era of Cuprate‐HTS (1986)
La214: La214: TTcc ~ 35 K~ 35 K100318CWC
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G. Bednorz and A. Mueller Z. Phys. B 64, 189 (1986).Faced skepticism before and after the experiment.
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C. N. Yang said: “You should keep a record.”‐ Late November, 1986
12/3: note to Bednorz 12/4: MRS at Boston. Showed the LBCO data Invited M. K. Wu to join the search
12/14: cards to Li, GuanHu…. – now 40.2, 50 K next week, 70 K is possible
12/18: complete replacement of La with Y, Yb and Lu.
12/26: Y and Lu have to work
12/30: Miller & RWUH press release
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Submitted in Novemberbefore the deadline 12/5/86
for the APS Meeting in New York in March 1987
Reproduced B&M results: note to B&M later AM called CW Chu thank and comment on CWC’s confidence on Tc = 77 K
Dear Wei‐kan & Agnus,Wish everything happens to you in this coming year as you wish!
Ching‐Wu & May
P.S. Just got the highest Tc of 40.2 K. Next week very likely 50 K. Now, I am full of confidence of 77 K.
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Science 235, 567 (1987) [Rec. 30 Dec. 1986)]
LCO is unusual:•the high dTc/dP
•Tc>30s, predicted
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060731CWC
….at the University of Houston and atAT&T Bell Laboratories….
Front Page
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1987: The Exciting Year
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At the urge of our Dean and University Legal counsel, I prepared a patent application in late December 1986, and filed it on January 12, 1987.
Under the Urge of the University, I prepared a patent application in late
December and filed it on January 12, 1987.
wherein L is an element selected from the groupconsisting of lanthanum, lutetium and yttrium ora mixture of one or more of these elements
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• First sign of SC above 77 K on 11/25 in mixed phased samples•Failed to grow single x’tals of 214
•Failed to detect 77 K signal in pure 214 samples•Focused on really high Tc, instead of on the 214‐phase!
070221CWC
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First 90 K First 90 K ‐‐ SC was unambiguously observed, although not yet stable.SC was unambiguously observed, although not yet stable.Later analysis of the XLater analysis of the X‐‐ray data showed it was ray data showed it was
LaBaLaBa22CuCu33OO7 7 (123 or LBCO)(123 or LBCO)
Chu et al.
1987: the exciting year
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January
1987: the exciting year
In a sense, 123 LBCO became the first LN2 sc.(although not yet pure and thus unstable)
070221CWC
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•• SC above 77 K was finally stabilized.SC above 77 K was finally stabilized.•• YBaYBa22CuCu33OO77 (123 or YBCO) (123 or YBCO) ‐‐
the first stable liquidthe first stable liquid‐‐nitrogennitrogen‐‐temperature superconductor.temperature superconductor.
(Jan 28‐29, 1987)
1987: The Most Exciting Event - the Call from M.K. Wu(M. K. Wu et al./C. W. Chu et al*)
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The Modern Era of HTS 1987
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March 2, 1987 – the Super Day of Physics:Superconductor above 77 K, Supernova, SSC
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Can we find other SCs with Tc ≥ 93 K?• The role of Y by partial magnetic substitution (Gd) ‐ no Tc‐suppression ==> Y is electronically isolated, otherrare earths of similar atomic radii are possible
‐ Tc ≥ 77 K sc in mixed phase samples of RBCO with R = Lu, Eu, Gd, Sm very quickly
• The superconducting phase‐ the black phase [with Bob Hazen and Dave Mao et al.]
• The compositions and crystal structure of the black phase‐ YBa2Cu3O7 [with Bob Hazen and Dave Mao et al.]
• Yes: the RBa2Cu3O7 – series, R = all rare earths except Ce, Pr
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~ 7:15 pm, March 18, 1987,
APS Meeting,Hilton , NYC
Hazen et al.
( reduced atmosphere; 3/16 Harvard colloquium)
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Woodstock of Physics, NYC, March 18, 1987
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Submitted on Nov. 22,1986The deadline was Dec. 5, 1986
The Origin of the Woodstock of Physics in 1987
Your abstract was longer than the 4 1/8” allowed (by 1/2 a line)
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The Panel Discussion, March 18, 1987070221CWC
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The federal conference at DC ‐ July 1987
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Tc ≤ 110 KBi2Sr2Can‐1CunO2n+4
Jpn.J.Appl. Phys. 27, L209 (1988)
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Tc ≤ 125 KTl2Ba2Can1Cu2O2n+4
Nature 332, 138 (1988)
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Tc ≤ 134 KHgBa2Ca2n‐1CunO3+2n‐δNature 363, 56 (1993)
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Tc ≤ 164 KHgBa2Ca2n‐1CunO3+2n‐δPhys. Rev. B (R) 50,
4260(1994)
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Highly Anisotropic020827CWC
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YBCO remains to be the compound of choice for HTS science and technology:
easier for doping, easier for single crystal,large grain and epi‐film growths,
high Jc & high Hi above 77 K, robust, less costly
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YBCO was included in the White House Millennium Time Capsule Closing Ceremony ‐ December 6, 2000 in the National Archives, Washington DC 050204CWC
“Honor the past, imagine the future!”
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The winter of HTS S&T in 2006
A.Barth and W. Marx analyzed the HTS science publication statistics scientometrically in 2006, andsentenced it to die in 2010-2015 by extrapolation.
100409CWC
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However, new discoveries cannot be predicted from past statistics
Mark Twain (Benjamin Disraeli):
There are lies, there are damned lies and
there are statistics.
SC was once sentenced to die before in 1986‐87.
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Fe‐pnictides superconductors were discovered in 2008
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Tc ≤ 57 KR(O,F)FeAs
JACS 130, 3296 (2008)1111, 11, 122, 111
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H. Hosono et al.M. Rotter et al. C. W. Chu et al.
C. Q. Jin et al.
M. K. Wu et al.
Fe‐ Pnictides
X. L Chen et al.
Fe‐Chalcogenides
≤ 57 K
≤ 38 K
≤ 20 K
≤ 10 K≤ 33 K
Perovskite‐like Fe‐As layers orFe‐Se layers
&
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Some Questions on HTS Science
•What is the mechanism responsible for HTS?
• Is there a comprehensive microscopic theory?
• Do HTSs form a class of materials of their own?
• Can there be a room temperature superconductor?
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100 years after the discovery of superconductivity,54 years after the development of BCS &
24 years after the discovery of YBCO,we have learned:
• There is no evidence, experimental or theoretical, that prevents room temperature superconductivity
from happening.
• Whatever physics law doesn’t say won’t happen will happen.
• RTS will be the next grand challenge in SC research – DoE, AFOSR
090323CWC
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One Possible Approach[“A possible path to RTS” ‐ C. W. Chu, AAPPS 18, 9‐21 (2008)]
Rational – reason is the source of knowledge
Empirical – experience is the source of knowledge
Enlightened Empirical – experience, intuition and reason are the sources of knowledge
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Holistic Multidisciplinary Enlightened Empirical– holistic experience, intuition and reason from different fields are the sources of knowledge of VHTS and RTS
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Superconductivity close to a ferroelectric instability ?Superconductivity close to a ferroelectric instability ?
MFE
SC
P or H
P, H or E
P or H ?
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Optimizing Multiple interactions in highly correlated electron systems with high ordering temperatures
ONE EXAMPLE
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In October 1989
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20 years later, James Cameron announced in Avatar the discovery of a Room Temperature Superconductor in 2009
was found in 2009 by
Avatar
the Unobtainium
Avatar
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The arrival of HTS has profoundly impacted science and technology.
• Gave new hope to superconductivity at higher temperatures
• posed more challenges to physicists, material scientists and chemists
• Created a new subfield in physics• Accelerated the development of material science• Brought superconductivity technology a giant step closer to reality – for a sustainable global economic development in the future
The future of HTS science and technology researchand development will continue to be exciting!
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Students & Visiting Scientists (UH): L. Gao, P.H. Hor, P. Huang, R. L. Meng, K. Foster, Y. Q. Wang, Y. Y. Xue, A. Testa, D.
Campbel,J. Bechtold, T.
The unusual arrangement [Joe Trivosono, L. Nasnow (NSF),R Weinstein (UH) : personal supervision of lab work
‐ daily phone calls‐ ½ my time in Houston while a program director in NSF,especially, mid‐February and mid‐March, 1987)
Colleagues: B. Hazen, D. Mao (Geophysical Lab), S. Moss (UH)
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all “comrades”, young and old, Inside and outside the trenches of HTS, who will never die, only fade away.
Thank you and
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The usefulness of high RTS?!Small coherent length
Large anisotropySmall Jc
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Early 1930’s
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James Clerk Maxwell1831 - 1879
Heinrich Hertz1857 - 1894
observed radio waves in his
laboratory 1887
Guglielmo Marconi1874 - 1937
sends radio signal across Atlantic
1901
Maxwell’s Equations 1861
Usefulness often originates from basic and useless knowledge.
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Constraints for Future global economic growth:
Energy, Environment and Resources
Energy is the keyand HTS can play a crucial role in electricityuse, and electric power quantity delivery
and quality control.
070219CWC
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Traditional Path for Industrialization Traditional Path for Industrialization Traditional Path for Industrialization
(Xu K. D., President, CAE)
GDP Per Capita GDP Per Capita
China
050921CWC
Technology + Economy + Social
Tunneling?