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The Age of Napoleon
Ms. Garratt - Honors World History
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Napoleon & the Directory• Directory was the gov that
followed the National Convention (Reign of Terror)
• When royalist rebels threatened the regime Napoleon was called in to stop it.
• He became the hero of the hour• Directory rewarded him with
military missions▫ Was victorious against the
Austrians in Italy & the British at Toulon
▫ Egyptian campaign was disaster. However, the discovery of Rosetta Stone is legendary.
▫ It was during this time that France looted some of the most valuable Egyptian artifacts. See the Louvre.
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Coup d’etat 1799, Consulate & Emperor
•The Directory had helped Napoleon become famous
•But it was corrupt and unpopular•He was urged to overthrow it which he did.•Surrounded the legislature with his troops
and led a coup’etat (takeover)•Napoleon would create a new 3-man
government known as the Consulate (1799)•He took the title of First Consul and later
named himself the consul for life (1802)
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Plebiscite & Coronation • Two years later he
took the title of emperor
• Invited the Pope to his coronation .
• Took the crown from the pope’s hand to place on his head (same as Charlemagne)
• Was a way of showing he was stronger than the pope.
• Napoleon wanted to keep the support of the people so he held plebiscite each step of the way.
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Throne of Napoleon
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Napoleon Restores Order in France•In 1802 this was the 1st time in over 10
years that France was at peace.•Napoleon’s 1st goal was to strengthen the
central government & consolidate some of the goals of the Rev.
•His focussed on the:▫Economy▫Education ▫Church▫Law
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Napoleon, the Economy & Lycees•Modernized finance•Regulated the economy with price controls•Efficient method of tax collection•Established banking system•Encouraged new industry• Improved infrastructure •Established state-run public schools (lycees)
in order to train government officials .•Established meritocracy in which jobs were
provided to the qualified & not based on nepotism or class.
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Concordat of 1801• Napoleon undid some of the
changes in religion• He wanted to consolidate his
political base and recognized that the Church and peasants resented the 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy
• Concordat of 1801 established a new relationship.▫ Kept the Church under state
control ▫ Restored some of the
church’s earlier influence but just not in national affairs.
• EFFECT: Napoleon gained the support of the majority of the French & the Church
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Napoleonic Code• Considered by many to be his
greatest legacy▫ Created a comprehensive &
uniform system of law.▫ Spread it throughout Europe ▫ It embodied some enlightenment
principles such as: Equality under the law Religious toleration Meritocracy
▫ However it also took away rights previously acquired during the Revolution.
It reestablished slavery in the French colonies
It deprived women of rights gained.
Freedom of the press & speech were restricted
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Napoleon Unites France•Won middle class support due to:
Economic reforms & restoration of stability Equality under the law Availability of jobs previously closed to middle
class•Won peasant and some working class
support due to: Rapprochement with the Church Allowing the peasants to keep the land bought
from the nobles and Church Price controls on
•Won the support of some former nobility Emigres returned
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Napoleon’s Foreign Policy
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Napoleon & Haiti
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Napoleon & the United States• Why did
Napoleon sell the Louisiana territory?▫ Haiti Defeat▫ Needed the $ to
fight Britain▫ Feared Britain
would attack from Canada and just take it.
▫ Felt US possession of the territory would become a strategic nightmare for Britain
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Conquering Europe• Annexed some countries • Puppet governments set up in others• British convinced Russia, Austria & Sweden to join
them against France• Battle of Austerlitz was stunning success for
Napoleon• Forced Russia, Prussia & Austria to sign peace
treaties• Battle of Trafalgar was naval defeat however and
ensured British naval superiority for the next 100+ years.
• Battle of Trafalgar ended Napoleon’s ambitions to conquer England
• Now he focuses on Europe
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The following is a map at the height of Napoleon’s empire in 1810.
Identify which areas are not under French control.
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Napoleon’s Costly Mistakes
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Continental System• Blockade known as Continental System• Designed for 2 reasons:
▫ To destroy Britain’s commercial and industrial economy
▫ To make continental Europe more self-sufficient
• Was not successful - Blockade proved to be minor inconvenience for Britain
• Britain responded with its own blockade which was easier to enforce due to naval superiority
• Continental System failed for the following reasons▫ 1. Substantial smuggling took
place (with British aid)▫ 2. Napoleon’s allies & families
disregarded the blockade▫ 3. The blockade hurt Europe more
than Britain by depriving them of markets
▫ 4. When Russia refused to participate in the blockade Napoleon will make a costly mistake and declare war on Russia
• *US History Review
• *To enforce the embargo Britain and France both interfered with the US leading the US to adopt the following policies▫ US Embargo Act ▫ Non-Intercourse Act
*Seizure of US vessels*Impressment *War of 1812
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Peninsular War 1808
•Napoleon’s second costly mistake was to depose the Spanish King and place his brother on the throne.
•This outraged the Spanish who were loyal to their king and the Catholic Church.
•Leads to guerilla warfare•British aided the Spanish•Unleashed Spanish nationalism.•French were no longer seen as liberators
but as occupiers.• This war will dramatically impact Latin
America
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Goya’s Third of May
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Invasion of Russia 1812• Breakdown in the alliance due
to failure of the Czar to enforce Continental System & Poland.
• Napoleon and army of 420,000 – 600,000 march into Russia which practices scorch-earth policy as they retreat.
• Rather than hand over Moscow to Napoleon the Czar orders it burned to the ground.
• Napoleon turns back and the harsh winter climate takes its’ toll.
• By the time the Grand Army returns only 10,000 soldiers .
• Your text says 100,000.• Recognizing Napoleon’s
weakness Russia & Prussia take him out.
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Rise of Nationalism
•Nationalism became a powerful weapon against Napoleon
•Once he was seen as a liberal liberator who eliminated ghettos, abolished feudalism, promoted religious tolerance and equality under the law.
•Later he was seen as an oppressive conqueror.
•Nationalism sparks wars of liberation (guerrilla wars) throughout Europe
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Downfall & Exile of Napoleon
• The Russian campaign revealed his weakness
• Could not raise a well-trained army
• Faced allied armies of Europe
• Defeated at the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig.
• Exiled to Elba (island in the Mediterranean.
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The Hundred Days• Attempt by Napoleon to
regain power ended once again in defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium in 1815.
• This last attempt is known as the 100 days because it lasted from Mar to June.
• This time Napoleon was exiled to a remote island in the South Atlantic.
• He died 6 years later at the age of 52
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St Helena – Where he died.
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Returned to France in 1850 - Buried in tomb in 1861
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Legacy of Napoleon•Napoleonic Code•Nationalism which would later lead to the
unification of Italy & Germany•Independence Movements in Latin
American•Louisiana Purchase•Congress of Vienna
▫Restoration of legitimate monarch▫Balance of power▫New borders▫Concert of Europe
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