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Textiles•Textile Industry
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Textile Industry The textile industry is an extremely vital
part of the overall apparel industries. Textile companies produce fibers,
yarns, and fabrics for fashion and other products.
The industry is very large and vital to the economy of the United States and other countries.
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Fabric Production and Distribution There are four main steps in the
production of finished fabrics. They are...
Fiber Production Yarn Production Fabric (cloth) Manufacturing Fabric Finishing
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Fiber Production
Different raw materials are processed into various hair-like fibers.
Agricultural industries supply natural fibers. They come from plants or animals
Chemical companies produce manufactured fibers. Most are liquid chemical mixtures that form into thin “threads.”
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Fabrics
Are formed when yarns are combined. Fabrics may be constructed using a variety of different methods such as:
o Weavingo Knittingo Felting
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Fiber Sources Natural- Plant or Animal fiber that grows in
nature. Two categories: • Cellulosic Fibers (plant)- Include: Cotton,
Linen (hemp), Ramie, Jute, Bamboo• Protein Fibers (animal) Include: Wool, Silk,
Leather
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Fiber Sources (con’t)
Manufactured- (Cellulosic) o Made from a Natural material called
Cellulose. The cellulose is turned into a liquid and poured through a spinneret. Includes: Acetate, Rayon, Triacetate, Lyocell.
• Spinneret- Like a showerhead, that sprays out chemicals that harden into long strands called filament fibers.
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Fiber Sources (con’t)
Manufactured Non-cellulosic (may be called “Synthetic”- Made from chemicals, petroleum, coal, and natural gas. All of these fibers are manufactured from different combinations of petroleum, natural gas, air and water. They are poured through a spinneret. Include: Acrylic, Polyester, Nylon, Modacrylic, Spandex, and Olefin.
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Fiber Structures
Staple Fibers- Short & Fuzzy- Usually between 1” and 4” long. These tiny fibers already exist in a plant or animal. The fibers just need to be cleaned up, sorted, and purified before they are used for fabrics. o Shorto Look lumpy and bumpy under a microscopeo Include all natural fibers, except silk
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Fiber Structures (con’t)
Filament Fibers- Long and smooth (like fishing line)o Include all man-made, and synthetic fiberso Include Silk
Spinneret- All man-made and Synthetic fibers are poured through a Spinneret to create the fiber.
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Natural Fibers
Cotton Flax (Linen) Wool Silk Hemp Bamboo Ramie Leather
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Natural Fibers- Sources
Plants and animals sources that grow in nature Cellulosic- Plant fibers o Cotton o Linen (flax) o Ramieo Hempo Bambooo Ramie
Protein- Animal fiberso Woolo Silko Leather
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– Absorbent- able to take up moisture– Porous- able to breathe, air passes through– Biodegradable- able to break down– Most wrinkle easily– Tend to be more expensive– Staple fibers which look
General Characteristics of Natural Fibers
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Cotton advantages
Strong, durable Soft Absorbs moisture Breathes well Washes easily Dyes well
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Cotton disadvantages
Mildews Does not spring back into shape Wrinkles easily Burns readily Shrinks
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Blouses Dresses Skirts Undergarments Shirts Jeans Sportswear
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Care of Cotton
Wash in washer and dry Iron at high temperature
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Flax (Linen) Advantages
STRONG Absorbs moisture Comfortable in warm weather Washes easily
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Linen disadvantages
Mildews WRINKLES Burns easily
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Clothing/Fashion uses
Blouses Dresses Skirts Suits
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Care of Linen
Wash or Dry Clean, CHECK LABEL Washing will change the “hand” of the
fabric making it soft and wrinkled in appearance
Iron at HIGH temperature with moisture and a press cloth
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Wool Advantages
WARM Durable ABSORBENT Resilient (returns to original shape
quickly) Wrinkle Resistant Fire Retardant
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Wool Disadvantages
Requires special care Shrinks sometimes if washed, or dried
in dryer Absorbs odors Requires protection against insects
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Knit garments Sweaters Gloves Skirts Coats Sportswear Socks Suits slacks
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Care of Wool
Dry Clean or Hand Wash and Dry flat Iron at low temperature using a press
cloth
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Silk Advantages
Smooth Lustrous Strong Dries quickly
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Silk Disadvantages Shows water spots Iron at low temperature Expensive
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Care of silk
Dry clean or hand wash, check label Iron at low temperature
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Skirts Blouses Dresses Neckties Scarves Lingerie Sweaters
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Manufactured Fibers-Cellulosic Acetate Lyocell (Tencel®) Rayon
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Manufactured Cellulosic Fibers Made from a natural material called
“cellulose.” Found in the plant wall of different plants.
General Characteristics– Breathable– Wrinkles– Heat Sensitive– Absorbent
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Acetate Advantages
Soft Drapeable Dries quickly Resistant to shrinking
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Acetate Disadvantages
Can wrinkle Low abrasion resistance Heat sensitive Damaged by acetone
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Acetate- care
Some fabrics will be washable, but many will be “dry clean only.”
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Skirts Blouses Dresses Scarves Linings
Acetate- Clothing/Fashion uses
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Rayon advantages
Soft and comfortable High moisture absorbency Drapeable
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Rayon disadvantages
May wrinkle or shrink unless treated May mildew
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Care of Rayon Dry cleaned or washable (see label) Iron at low temperature
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Rayon- Clothing/Fashion uses
o Dresseso Shirtso Blouseso Skirtso Pants
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Lyocel advantages
Breathable Soft and comfortable Drapes well- heavier than Rayon Dull finish Absorbent Strong
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Lyocel disadvantages
Expensive Stretches in length & width Damaged with hot iron
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Care of Lyocel
Washable Dry Clean Low Iron
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Dresses Skirts Lingerie Blouses
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Synthetic Fibers Acrylic Nylon Polyester Spandex (Lycra) Aramid (Kevlar, Nomex) Olefin Triacetate Modacrylic
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Synthetic Fibers
All are made from Petrochemicals General Characteristics
- Resist Abrasion
- Resist Wrinkling
- Melt at High Heat
- Not absorbent
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Acrylic Advantages
Soft Warm Wool-like Light weight Wrinkle resistant Resistant to moths and sunlight Affordable
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Acrylic Disadvantages
Pills Static electricity Heat sensitive
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Care of Acrylic
Dry Cleaned or laundered Iron at low temperature
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Sweaters Knit garments Faux Fur Coats Pants Skirts Shoe soles
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Nylon Advantages
Very Strong Resilient Lustrous Dries quickly Water, wind resistant Afordable
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Nylon disadvantages
May yellow or gray Heat Sensitive Low moisture absorbency Pills
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Care of Nylon
Easily laundered Iron at low temperature
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Sportswear Jackets Raincoats Backpacks Purses
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Polyester advantages Excellent WRINKLE RESISTANCE Resistant to abrasion Dries quickly Blends well with other fibers Retains heat-set pleats and creases
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Polyester disadvantages
Absorbs oily stains Low absorbency of moisture
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Care of Polyester
Easily laundered Needs little or no pressing
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Clothing/Fashion uses
Pants Shirts Suits Sportswear Skirts
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Spandex advantages
Excellent elasticity and recovery Stronger and more durable than rubber Light weight Resistant to body oils Used for one reason:
“Stretch” *Spandex is always blended with
other fibers.
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Spandex disadvantages
Damaged by chlorine bleach Damaged by heat Does not Dye Well
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Pants Shirts Jeans Sportswear Underwear Socks Bras Tights
Clothing/Fashion uses
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Fabric Blends
Cotton / Polyester – Why? Cotton / Spandex – Why? Wool / Acrylic – Why? Cotton / Linen – Why? Polyester / Silk – Why? Nylon / Spandex – Why?
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Aramid (Kevlar & Nomex) advantages Exceptional strength Exceptional heat and flame resistance Resistant to stretch and abrasion
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Aramid disadvantages
Not absorbent
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Clothing/Fashion uses
Kevlar– Bullet Proof Vests– Cut/Heat and Chemical resistant Gloves
Nomex– Fireman Uniforms– Racing Apparel
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The End…