Ionosphere Trough

Neutral UpwellingFrom Heated

Region

FountainE�ect

O/N2Disturbances

Ionosphere Crest

MagneticFlux Tube

MagneticFlux Tube

E-DrivenDownwardFlow

PlasmasphereFilling

PlasmasphereDraining andHeating

Neutral WindDrags Ions UpField Line

Neutral WindDrags Ions DownField Line

Ions

Neutrals

CorotationGravityWaves

ImplusiveHeating-

Driven Wind

EUV

SolarWind

Solar-DrivenTides

Equatorial Anomaly

Currents

EnergeticParticles

SAID Irregularities

Irregularities/Bubbles

PlasmaPlume

Plume

Ion-DrivenWind

Solar Energetic Particle Chain

Solar Wind/Magnetospheric Chain

LowerAtmospheric Chain

SolarRadiation Chain

Terrestrial Atmospheric ITM Processes

Ion/NeutralEscape

BB

Magnetospheric-Driven Ion Convection

Auroral Heating Region PolarIonosphere

Cavity

PlasmaPatch

GravityWaves