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Terrence Mullens
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OutlineGlobal/International PoliciesFederal/National PoliciesState/City/Local PoliciesPersonal Policies (i.e. What YOU are doing)
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Recall…IPCC
Assessments suggest human influence on climateUse climate models to predict future temp changes
Kyoto ProtocolIn effect in Feb 2005Sets emission targets for 37 industrialized nationsReduce GHG emissions 5% below 1990No target for developing countriesUS did not signExpires next year! Several possible successors have been considered
(Copenhagen, 2009, Washington, 2007)
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ChallengesOne of the biggest challenges is how to allow
developing countries to continue their growth without increasing Greenhouse Gasses.
Kyoto practically allowed for them to use whatever means necessary to develop, while asking developed countries to reduce their emissions.Seems very fair, but it’s the reason why the
United States did not sign it.
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UN Climate Change Conference“Copenhagen Summit” or COP157-18 December 2009 in Copenhagen, DenmarkFollow-up to Kyoto protocol
Intent to establish policy beyond 2012A follow-up to many UN CCC’s
Bali Roadmap created at COP13 in Bali, Indonesia in 2007
Says binding agreements to be made at Copenhagen
High expectations for legally binding agreements at Copenhagen!
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UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
Israeli President ShimonPeres
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Copenhagen AccordDrafted by US, China, India, Brazil, South AfricaPrimary stipulations:
Keep global temp increase below 2°CCut GHG emissions (each country to establish their
reduction goals)Raise funds to help developing countries grow
sustainablyReduce deforestation and promote sustainable land
useUS proposed to cut GHG levels by 17% below
2005 levels by 2020
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Problems of Copenhagen AccordNot legally binding, no firm commitments
madeMany countries (especially developing)
oppose, as well as NGO’sCountries stated their proposed actions, but
no agreement reachedMany perceive COP15 and Copenhagen
Accord as a failure.
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Copenhagen AccordFierce negotiations took place during
conference, near end of conference it seemed no agreements could be reached
Large protests, 40,000-100,000 peoplePeople wanted “strong and binding
agreement” between countries on climate change mitigation
By end of Jan 2010, 140 countries “agreed” to Copenhagen accord
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Copenhagen accordFurther negotiations have occurred and are
planned. COP 16 in Cancun, Mexico in 2010COP 17 in South Africa in 2011Either Qatar or South Korea in 2012It’s quite likely that the 2012 meeting will be
soon enough to prevent a gap in the commitment periods between Kyoto and Copenhagen
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Other attemptsWashington Declaration, 2007 (aka the G8 + 5)
A NON-BINDING agreement between most developed countries, as well as several developing countries. (The U.S., U.K., Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan (G8), and Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa) Global cap-and-trade system that would apply to both
developed and developing countries. Hoped to have this in place by 2009… obviously we all
know that didn’t happen. This agreement obviously leaves out many other
foreign countries
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Assembly Bill 32California Global Warming Solutions Act Signed by Gov. Schwarzenneger 2006Sets 2020 emissions reduction goal as a
law1990 emission levels target for 2020
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Stipulations of AB 32Firm limit on emissions for all consumers/producersPer capita reduction from 14 tons CO2/year to 10
tons/yearReduction in 30% of vehicle GHG emissions by
2016Improved appliance efficiency standardsAdd 1 million solar roofs, alternative energy
sourcesAdopt green building practices, green existing
buildings for efficiencyMore efficient agricultural equipment, distributionEmissions audit for largest 800 emitters in CA Reduce methane from landfills with high recycling,
zero waste programs
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Opposition to AB 32Concern it will cost small businesses money,
place restrictions on small businessConcern it will drive business and industry out
of stateGreen jobs fastest growing job market in CA!
Concern it will add thousands to household bills/homeowner costsEfficient appliances, buildings reduce bills
AB 32 rules and market mechanisms to take effect Jan 1, 2012, and become legally enforceable!
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Proposition 23Called the “California Jobs Initiative” by it’s
supporters and the “Dirty Energy Initiative” by opponents.
If passed, it would have suspended the implementation of AB 32 until the state’s unemployment rate dropped below 5.5% for four consecutive quarters (a fiscal year)This has only occurred four times in the past 30
years… so essentially, Prop 23 would have killed AB 32 for quite a while.
Proponents argued that it would spur job creation by making the state more business friendly.
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Prop 23 Protests
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Is reducing environmental regulations the only thing that creates jobs?Does the money saved by companies due to
deregulation even go into job creation?
What are alternative ways of creating jobs?Outsourcing?Green Jobs?“Stimulus Projects”?Infrastructure improvements?
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San Jose Green VisionWithin 15 years, the City of San José in tandem with its residents and businesses will:1. Create 25,000 Clean Tech jobs as the World Center of Clean Tech Innovation2. Reduce per capita energy use by 50 percent3. Receive 100 percent of our electrical power from clean renewable sources4. Build or retrofit 50 million square feet of green buildings5. Divert 100 percent of the waste from our landfill and convert waste to energy6. Recycle or beneficially reuse 100 percent of our wastewater (100 million gallons per day)7. Adopt a General Plan with measurable standards for sustainable development8. Ensure that 100 percent of public fleet vehicles run on alternative fuels9. Plant 100,000 new trees and replace 100 percent of our streetlights with smart, zero-emission lighting10. Create 100 miles of interconnected trails
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San Jose Green VisionTry to keep San Jose at forefront of innovationMeasurable goals! Helps with public
motivationLaunched in 2007Give incentives for clean tech companiesIncentives for solar panelsImprove transit systemAdopt and encourage efficiency products
(ex: lighting)Green building ordinancesIncrease recycled H2O
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Thin film solar technology
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San Jose energy use goals
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How San Jose’s doing
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Other Policies:Carbon OffsetsPeople can purchase carbon offsets to reduce
their carbon footprintEx- flight to Europe adds 3-4 tons to your
carbon footprint!Purchase carbon credits at $5-$20 per ton to
“offset” carbon emitted by your actionsCarbon trade companies invest in projects
that reduce GHG’sInstall windmills, geothermal, solar energy
projects
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Carbon Trade CompaniesMake sure you use a reputable company.
Research their standards and practices.Gold Standard companies adhere to strictest
regulationsSome notable, respected companies:
Airshed (New Zealand)Climate Care (UK)GEQ (Chile)ZeroCO2 (Canada)Native Energy (US)
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Compliance vs. Voluntary MarketSome businesses, governments are required
to purchase carbon offsets under Kyoto Protocol if not meeting their goals
Compliance marketLarge share of carbon tradeCountries/governments can trade with
countries with carbon surplus or purchase credits
Most businesses, local governments, NGO’s and individuals part of voluntary market
Trading volumes much smallerNo established rules, regulations. Purchasing
credits to help reduce GHG’s
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rebates and incentives
Local and Federal government programs offer rebates and incentives to individuals and small businesses
Not manditoryDesigned to increase efficiency and lower
amount of energy used by individual/businessMain categories:
Building materialsAppliancesEnergyWater
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Examples of Rebates/IncentivesPhotovoltaics (solar) installed on home or business
Tax credit of 30% of cost from US Dept of EnergyFrom excess solar energy created by your system
$1.10-1.90 per watt given to public utility system from CA Public Utilities Commission
Energy efficient building materials (roofing, doors, insulation, windows, lightingRebates both local and federal
Rebates for energy efficient appliances (Energy Star)
In Monterey County, $25 rebate per 100 gallons up to 25,000 gallons for installing water catchment system
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Challenges to a “Carbon-Friendly” LifestyleMuch of the carbon-friendly infrastructure is
still considered extremely costly to individuals. Toyota Prius: $23,250Solar Panel instillation: at least $8,000 (Before
30% credit)Even more energy-friendly appliances are most
costly… though those costs can quickly be offset by energy savings… so there is a benefit.
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More practical ways to reduce carbon footprint…Eat more energy efficient foods
Chicken, Fish, and especially vegetables are much more carbon-friendly
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More practical ways…Traveling a short distance (say, less than 5
miles)? Ride a bike, or walk!Longer distance? Public Transportation and
Carpools are great!Here in the Bay area, we have an excellent
public transportation system, making it easy to get around, even long distances.
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Traveling even further?Consider taking the
train!While it takes longer, it
is about 20% more energy efficient than flying, and about 30% more than driving. (Source: US Department of Energy)
In addition to being more efficient, taking the train offers some great views!
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The Green NinjaAn inter-departmental
effort between the SJSU College of Science and the College of Humanities and Arts.
A “Climate Action Superhero” who battles Global Warming by showing people how to live more energy-efficient lifes.
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The Green Ninja: Pilot Episodehttp://www.youtube.com/user/
GreenNinjaTV#p/a/u/1/b1olSYWclvI
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ConclusionsThe Global Policy Issue in dealing with climate
change deals with allowing developing countries to develop.
The Federal/State Policy Issue in dealing with climate change deals with creating an eco-friendly yet economical/job-creating state.
The more local and individual policy issues deal with both affording eco-friendly infrastructure and lifestyles as well as encouraging more practical steps to reducing carbon footprints.
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Final thoughtsWhile Climate Change and Environmental issues are
often sensationalized into major issues such as GLOBAL warming and GLOBAL/FEDERAL steps to counteract it, this perspective makes it hard for us to feel like we can/do make a difference.
An alternative approach is to incorporate a more individualistic view on what can be done. In other words, don’t get overwhelmed with the big picture. Seek many smaller steps in your own life to make the
world a better place, such as using your car less, or recycling, or even by not littering. If everyone did this, the larger problems wouldn’t be so large.
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ResourcesAir Resources Board www.ARB.ca.govCOP15 www.denmark.dk/en.cop15.dkGreen Vision San Jose
www.greenvision.sanjose.govUS Department of Energy www.energysavers.govTufts Climate Initiative
http://www.tufts.edu/tie/carbonoffsetsEnvironmental Protection Agency www.epa.govGold Standard www.cdmgoldstandard.orgWikipedia www.en.wikipedia.orgThe Green Ninja http://www.greenninja.org/
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Participation
You have discussed challenges we face with climate change and ways to mitigate climate change and greenhouse gas emissions
Write down:3 things the US/California/San Jose could do to limit
global warming 3 things YOU can do as people/consumers/students
to reduce GHG and limit global warmingWas this lecture clearer/more
understandable/better overall from my last one or not? More suggestions.
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If we have time…Let’s discuss this!
What can we do to heal our planet?What are some challenges to doing so? What
are some excuses to doing so?Do you really think pollution creates jobs? Or
just profit?Why should we even care? Political, Moral,
Religious reasons? Stewardship reasons (Being smart with what we have)?