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Temporary operations and project research
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Projects: Definition
• A unique, non-repetitive task
• With a predetermined date of delivery
• Specified out from one or several goals
• Consisting of a number of complex and/or mutually dependent activities
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Project management history
• Before industrialism: Important ventures like crusades and warfare organized as projects. No managerial philosophy then.
• 1911 Taylorism/Scientific Management. Henry L Gantt invents the Gantt-schedule in 1910. Used in large constrcuction projects such as the Hoover Dam and the Interstate highway network.
• 1931: Karol Adamiecki (actually the father of the Gantt chart) constructs the first network diagram, the s c Harmonogram.
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Project management history
• 1942-45: Manhattan project (USA). 2 bn USD in turnover, at most 120.000 employees.- Management by objectives (MBO)- Parallel activities.
• 1950’s: Operations analysis, RAND Corporation
• 1957: Sputnik shock, Polaris project initiated.
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Project management history
• Polaris project: 250 contractors and 9.000 sub-contractors are coordinated in the execution of 70.000 activities by means of PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
• 1956-59: CPM (Critical Path Method) constructed at DuPont, independently of PERT.
• PERT and CPM are much alike and are both the original methods of network planning
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Project management history
• 1959: The concept ”project manager” first mentioned in Harvard Business Review.
• 1960’s: Large interest in matrix organisations
• 1967: INTERNET (IPMA) and PMI founded.
• 1968 starts Föreningen Nätplan in Sverige (later Svenskt Projektforum).
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Project management history
• 1980’s: Growing interest in organization and leadership issues in projects. The project form spreads to
• More industries,
• More applications
• Smaller tasks
• Internal tasks.
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Project management history
• 1987: PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge) presented in its first edition by PMI. Increasing ambitions to certify project managers as PMP’s (Project Management Professionals).
• 1990’s: Project-based firms, standardisation of certifications
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Traditionally:
Project management research implies development of
A set of operations management-inspired models and techniques for the effective handling of time-limited unique tasks
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From Project Management to project research
• Forms and stages of critique
• Levels of analysis
• New theoretical linkages
• Schools of thought
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Project research as critiqueMakes people comfortable
Makes people uncomfortable
Makesthingscomplicated
Makethingssimple
Traditional project managementSystems theory, planning models, team dynamics, stage-gate models, control systems
Organizational critiqueTaxonomy/typology, Bounded rationality, planning critique, learning, stakeholder management, temporary organisations, improvisation, work life
Effectiveness critiqueMulti project methods, Critical Chain, Risk analysis, project evaluation & audit, communication, project maturity
Ideological critiquePower and control, actor network theory, gender, diversity, labour process
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Project research in new levels of analysis
The project
The team
The individual
The project portfolio
The project officeThe organization
The application
The industry
Society
Global economy
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Theoretical links
Projekt
Entrepreneurship/innovation Communication/IT
Operations mgmt
Critical mgmt-theory
Industrial dynamics
Management control
Finance
Operations analysis
SCM/logistics
Organization theory
Social psychology
Leadership/teamwork
???
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Modern schools of thought
• Optimization school• Factor school• Situation school• Behavioural school• Transaction school• Marketing school• Decision school• HRM school• Critical management theory school