Download - Technology Summit
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The truth behind the veil
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Technology – Introduction, About the course, Q & A
History of Computing
Hardware
Operating Systems / Programming Languages
Databases
Networks (includes introduction to Internet)
Internet – What was, What is and What will (covering Wireless also)
Security
How Technology applies to You and Benefits of using itCopyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Best Friend
Tool
Catalyst
Productivity Enhancer
Shortcut to Goals
Efficiency Improver
Communication Channel and Enhancer
Learning Enabler
Interactive (some)
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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I feel the need, the need for speed – Raise your adrenalin levels
Your guide to the technology ocean
Learn technology types and uses
When we say technology – mostly in relation to Computing
Although you will see that Computing is a subset of Technology
Learn some terms, some concepts, some applications
How is technology my best friend
Understand technology landscape
How to make use of Technology in my profession
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Abacus
Difference Engine / Analytical Engine – Charles Babbage
Lady Ada Lovelace – The first Programmer
Mainframes – IBM
Minicomputers – DEC
Microcomputers
The Hardware is the Computer
The software is the Computer
The network is the Computer
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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• beads on rods to count and calculate• still widely used in Asia!
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• Difference Engine c.1822 – huge calculator, never
finished
• Analytical Engine 1833– could store numbers– calculating “mill” used
punched metal cards for instructions
– powered by steam!– accurate to six decimal
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• born on 10 December
1815.• named after Byron's half
sister, Augusta, who had been his mistress.
• After Byron had left for the Continent with a parting shot -- 'When shall we three meet again?' -- Ada was brought up by her mother.
Courtesy : Tim Bergin. Computing History Museum, American University Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Mainframes
Courtesy : Tim Bergin. Computing History Museum, American University Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Minicomputers – PDP 11 - 1970
Courtesy : Tim Bergin. Computing History Museum, American University Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Microcomputer - Altair 8800 Computer
Courtesy : Tim Bergin. Computing History Museum, American University Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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First Microprocessor – 1971
• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
• 108Khz
• Called “Microchip”
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Taken from Mugil Technologies Website
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Taken from Click.in
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Questions & Answers
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Vaccum TubesTransistorsIntegrated CircuitsVery Large Integrated Circuits (Chips)MicroprocessorsSupport ChipsMotherboardChipSetSpecialized Microprocessors (Graphics and Sound)Input Output DevicesInput (Keyboard / Mouse and others)Output (Display, Printer and others)Wireless DevicesNetwork Devices (Switches / Hubs / Bridges / Gateways)Thought Readers , Robots, Prosthetic DevicesMicrocode
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Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956
• First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
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First Transistor
• Uses Silicon• developed in 1948• won a Nobel prize• on-off switch
• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
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Integrated Circuits
• Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
• Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”
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Very Large Integrated Circuits - CHIPS
Taken from WikipediaCopyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Taken from ComputerMusuem.li
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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http://www.build-your-own-computer.net/motherboard-diagram.html
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Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Taken from : Laptopshop.co.uk
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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http://blogs.digitalmediaonlineinc.com/dvdconverter/?page=1
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http://www.misco.ie/productinformation/~88214~/Belkin%20Mini%20Optical%20Glow%20Mouse.htmhttp://visual.merriam-webster.com/communications/office-automation/input-devices_7.php
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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http://pusine.wordpress.com/2008/10/02/input-and-output-devices/
http://www.samsung.com/pl/products/monitor/tft/images/940fn_l1a.jpg
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Taken from : static.howstuffworks.comslipperybrick.com
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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http://www.adobe.com/devnet/coldfusion/articles/coldfusion_scalability.html
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klaxxx.comhttp://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/News/Press/199905/99-046/index.htmlmedgadget.com Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Taken from Mugil Technologies Website
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Questions & Answers
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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What is Operating System (OS) ?Why an OS ?Popular Operating Systems in the MarketStrengths and WeaknessComplimentary ProgramsNew Trends – Network OS , VirtualizationThe future of OSWhat is a Programming Languages (PL) What does it do ?Generations of PL’sWhat PL’s are in vogue today ?The next generation PLAbstractions and Annihilation of PL’s
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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An OS is a software program which has the following features
It talks to hardwareIt manages the CPUIt manages the MemoryIt manages all I/OIt also talks to different Software Subsystems OS works in the backgroundOS for different hardware is differentIt talks to other devices using internal knowledge or programs called device drivers
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We cannot understand binary language very wellWe cannot remember details of all devicesWe cannot manage memory efficientlyWe need a human understanding interface to machinesWe need somebody to co-ordinate all activities that take place inside the machine
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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PC - OS
WindowsLinuxMacOS
Mobile OS
SymbianPalmOSWindows CE
Network OS
Chrome OS
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Strengths Weakness
Simplicity Is getting bulkier day by dayAbstraction Too many choicesUser Friendly Vulnerable to threatsNon intimidating If buggy, can erode some valueEye for detail Sometimes not trustworthyDevice agnostic Too many API’sCommunicatorCollaboratorSchedulerMultitasking and MultiProgrammingInterrupt Handler
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Programming Languages
Databases
Utilities
Extenders like Device Drivers
Network
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Network OS
A lightweight OS which acts as a interface to the internetE.g: Chrome OS
Vitualization
Software Program which makes use of the CPU efficiently. Complements the OS.E.g: VMWare
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Plug and play OS
Configurable
Lots of value adding components talking to multiple OS’s
Universal hooks
Faster and Intelligent
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A way for us to communicate with computers
A Program is a set of instructions
Programming is the art and science of writing good programs
Language is like a protocol that is used to communicate with the machine
Hence PL is nothing but the art and science of writing programs that adhere to a protocol
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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A programming language (PL) is like any other language like say English
It helps us to explain to the computer the problem that we are trying to solve
It helps us achieve goals
It makes us happy, when we see the goal achieved.
It may contain bugs which have to be debugged in order to achieve the goal
Hence debugging is a intrinsic part of writing a PL
Creation, Preservation and Annihilation of a PL is similar to Life
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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First Generation Machine Language
Second Generation Assembly Language
Third Generation Procedural Language
Fourth Generation Non-Procedural Language
Fifth Generation Object Oriented Language
Sixth Generation AI languages
Seventh Generation ????
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C , C++ , C#, Java
PHP, Python
Lisp, Ruby on Rails
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Simple to use
Intelligent Constructs
Auto Correcting
Self Modifying
User FX
Platform Agnostic
Secure Constructs
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Abstraction
Hiding details and exposing a very friendly interface to the userHuman LikePredictiveAnalyticalQualitative, at times
Annihilation
Future is for non programming productsAuto program writing programsEasy pick and choose interfaceEnd of Programming as we know itEase of Programming – actually the term is value adding
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Questions & Answers
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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What is a databaseWhy a database is requiredTypes of DatabasesDatabases in the current MarketWhat is an indexOLTP, DSS, RealTime databasesWhat is SQLWhat are different SQL StatementsStandardsRollback Transactions (Undo)LockingObject Relational DatabasesDataTypesRelation between a database and a networkThe future of database
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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A database is a repository of dataLike the Ocean has water, the database has dataData means the smallest unit of informationBase means foundationThus database means a foundation made of dataDatabases can be classified functionally or in other ways for eg: locationwiseDatabases can also be compared to DNA
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Where else can you keep your dataWithout data there is nothing in this worldData needs to be stored somewhereData needs to be classified in order to organize it betterSometimes data about data is also required (Description or Metadata)Data also needs to be retrieved in order to achieve some goal
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Hierarchical databaseNetwork databaseRelational DatabaseObject Relational DatabasePure Object DatabaseInformation Database (Abstraction 1)Knowledge Database (Abstraction 2)
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ORACLE, SQL Server, DB2MySQL, PostGreSQL (Open Source)
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An index is a signpostTo say it in a better way, it is a pointerStill better, it’s an efficient way of organizing dataIndexes help to retrieve the required data in a flash (As compared to sequential access)There are different kinds of indexes like Binary Tree index, Hashes etcThe downside of index is that it takes up some space in the database for its own existence
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OLTP – Online Transaction Processing
Indicates a kind of a database on which Add/Modify/Delete operations are being performed
DSS – Decision Support System
Indicates a kind of a database on which a Query is being performed
RealTime
A database where the time difference between stimulus and response is very low. In short, a fast database.
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SQL stands for Structured Query Language
It is based on relational theory in mathematics
Actually it is not just a Query language, but offers other features also.
SQL is a non procedural language
Every statement itself is complete in itself
There are languages like PL/SQL which extend the functionality of basic SQL
In short, it adds a programming layer
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DDL : Data Definition Language. Eg: CREATE, DROP
DML : Data Manipulation Language. Eg: INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE
DCL : Data Control Language. Eg: GRANT, REVOKE
DQL : Data Query Language. Eg: SELECT
Transaction Processing Statements: Eg: ROLLBACK, COMMIT
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ISO/ANSI
SQL-92
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Are used to undo the earlier action(s)
One way this is achieved using what are called Redo Log Files
There are rollback segments internal to the database
Rollback can be till a particular time or a particular point in code
Rollback points can be specified
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Locking is used to give controlled access to data
There are many kinds of locks
Exclusive LocksRead Only LocksPart read only and Part Exclusive locks
These locks can be at different levels
Some locks are on entire database, some on Files, some on a set of data
A deadlock or a deadly embrace is when 2 users have locked out each other
Modern databases automatically resolve such situations
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A relational database that incorporates object oriented paradigm
Certain statements within SQL now are having object level meanings
Objects support concepts such as Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism
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Are fundamental units which depict what the type of data is
Some of the datatypes are
NUMBER, STRING, XML etc.
Data within a database is stored in columns of a specific datatype, as given above
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Database is nature
And
Network is nurture
We are all born with a database and realize the network around us.
As time passes by …
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Databases will become more complex in terms of type of content
Songs, Videos etc will be embedded within a database – I mean new data types
There will be programs which help disparate databases to talk to each other
Information and Knowledge would be stored within a database
Meta data will become very important
Databases will grow in size
Redundancy would be taken care by some programs, although the trend is to increase
Code will also be interspersed with data in a database
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Questions & Answers
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What is a networkWhy a network is requiredOSI Network LayerNetwork TopologiesBridges, Hubs, Routers, Switches, GatewaysLAN, WAN, MANNetworking ProtocolsConnecting Devices in a NetworkIntelligence in a NetworkThe internet – The mother of all networksWhy the internetARPANET, MILNET, InternetBulletin Boards, Archie , VeronicaWorld Wide Web
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Two or more devices and/or people connected to each other forms a networkNature itself is synonymous to networkWe are connected to each other through a bond that is not visibleIn a peoples network, we just have six degrees of separation from one anotherThere are networking sites on the internet
Business Networks like LinkedIn
Social Networks like Facebook
Communities
Forums
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Imagine how life would be without a network, all by yourself
There will be nothing to share or show off
There will be a feeling of loneliness
We see ourselves through the senses of other people, when conscious
Ditto with Computers
The more devices connected the more is the value of the network
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Taken From: http://www.webstepbook.com/supplements/slides/images/osi_model.png
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Bridge : Connects two networks
Hub : Central Point for connecting all computers
Router: An intelligent Switch
Switch : Used to connect 2 or more networks
Gateway: A Switch for dissimilar networks
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LAN : Local Area Network
WAN : Wide Area Network
MAN : Metropolitan Area Network
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TCP / IP Transmission Comtrol Protocol/Internet Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
FTP File Transfer Protocol
SMTP / POP3 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol / Post Office Protocol
HTTP Hype Text Transfer Protocol
NetBEIU
NetBios
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The value of a network grows exponentially as more members are added to a network
This is called MetCalfe’s Law
The more devices you connect to each other, the more the value goes up
Devices may require to be installed or may be plug and play
The latter seems to be the trend for the future
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Intelligence resides in the devices on the network
Not in the wire that transmits data
Or the ether through which wireless signals flow
Intelligence will move to the periphery and middle wherever there are devices
Two or more devices may also have a collective intelligence
Intelligence modules will be available as plug and play in the future
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Taken from: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/webserver-backbone-sm.gif
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Like Sunlight is impartial, Knowledge should also be impartial
The internet is the first attempt towards this noble goal
The internet is evolving, it’s the mother of all networks on this blue planet
It’s Ubiquitous, Net Neutral and Powerful
Without internet, we would not be able to share so well
Information will reach people late
Some people may even not get the benefit of it
We are all 1 big humanity connected thru networks like the Internet
It accelerates change and provides us tools / info to be more productive
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ARPANET : Is the predecessor of the internet
MILNET: The military network on the internet
Internet: Grew from the two above and now embraces most of the networks
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Earlier Websites were called Bulletin Boards
Except that they were exclusive (not talking to other websites)
Eg: Compuserve, AOL etc
Archie and Veronica were tools to access the internet earlier before 1993
There were many other tools also
Till the time, the World Wide Web was not invented
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The internet as most of us know today is called World Wide Web
A term coined and invented by Tim Berners Lee
Web Browsers were made available and they could access the Web
The underlying language of the Web was HTML
The father of the Internet is Vint Cerf.
Thanks to efforts of all these people, that we get to access the internet
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Questions & Answers
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Building a WebsiteChoosing your Service ProviderChoosing the Platform (Microsoft or LAMP)Choosing the right planPayment details
Hosting your BlogBlogger or WordPressPaid Blogs Permalinks / Comments / Share
Fun with WikisWikipedia – Jimmy WalesAdding / Modifying Wiki Pages
Social NetworkingFacebook & LinkedIn
Getting Paid thru AdSense and AdWordsConsulting Sites (GLG / Nitron)Freelancing with eLance and Guru
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Building
a Websit
e
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Your Service Provider is your middleman to the internet
Learn more about the type of service provided by them
Go to their website
Read about them on blogs, forums, discussions etc.
Check if there are Service Level Agreements (SLA’s)
Narrate your expectations to the Service Provider Contact
See if they can fulfill it
Preferably in writing
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Select a platform that is suitable for your website
For e.g: If your website has been developed on Microsoft Technologies, choose it
Else if say PHP, Python or other Linux Open Source is used, Choose that
If you have a plain brochureware, choose any one of the platforms
By this we mean a set of HTML pages
Once you select a platform, most of the service providers will not allow you to switch
Mostly, the decision for you is a technical one
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The plan typically has the following parameters
What do you plan to do with an internet connection
Size your requirement
Look for a corresponding plan with the service provider
Sizing involves bandwidth, which is the quantum of data flowing up and down through your computer
You can switch plans, as and when your requirement changes
Please check with Service Provider for this
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Normally you have to pay before you use a service
For a new connection, there is going to be an additional charge (for modems, cables etc)
Unless some scheme which waives off all charges is being offered
Mostly people choose to pay monthly
You can make payment by cheque / creditcard / Net Banking (depends on Service Provider)
The less risky is cheque, but it involves a clearing process
Choose the payment plan most suitable to you
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Hosting your Blog
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Both Bloggger and Wordpress are Blogging Sites
Blogger is Google owned
WordPress is independent
To start blogging, Blogger is good
WordPress gives more control over the blog and is slightly more complex
You can Blog from wherever there is a blog button to your blog site
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Some sites pay you for blogging
Typically they need you to
Blog on a subject that you like
Or
Blog on a subject that they want
It can be a product review or a topic
You can also activate AdSense on your Blog (More about this later)
The more the traffic the more popular your Blog and the more they pay you
That roughly is the equation
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Permalinks : Permanent Link to your Blog Address
Comments: Feedback from people who have read your blog
Share: You can share the blog with others on your network
Besides the above you will be able to mark them or click a ‘I like it’ icon
Depends on the blog
Remember to submit your blog to blog search engines to get a higher ranking
The more the traffic the better
Use a third party tool like Google Analytics to understand and predict traffic to your blog
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Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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WikiPedia is a collabortaive knowledge guide
Founded by Jimmy Wales
It is a reference guide
It has a map counterpart called WikiMapia
Similar to Google Earth
Anyone can edit Wikipedia articles
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Wikipedia is available in many languages
Choose your language and article
You can Edit any page.
Moderation is carried out and the page you edited or added becomes part of the Wikipedia knowledge base
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Social Networks are built with one aim : Share
Content can be anything – pictures, text, videos
The idea is to form a network of friends and share useful things with them
Facebook : Is the most popular Social Networking Sites
Others like Facebook : MySpace, Orkut
LinkedIn: Is a Social Networking Site for Business People
Others like LinkedIn: Ryze
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Adsense : is an advertising program for end users
AdWords: is an advertising program for advertisers
AdSense helps you to make money by providing Google’s taregted Ads on your site or blog
AdWords helps you to own certain keywords which will activiate your Ad on Adsense Pages
With Adsense you make money whenever somebody clicks on the targetted Ads
With Adwords, your Ad comes up first in the Advertisements on a Adsense Network. You have to Pay Google for this service. Advantage: Traffic
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You can also make money by offering your services on a time basis
GLG and Nitron are websites which list services to be fulfilled
And if you can take up a consulting assignment you get paid
Payment depends on your relation with them and experience
You can enlist in these sites and provide consulting assognments
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eLance and Guru are websites which advertise jobs
These need to be done and payment received thereof
There are many freelancing opportunities available.
You have to bid for them and once awarded, do the work and get paid.
Normally the projects are short and of value less than 5000 USD
Good Luck !
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Questions & Answers
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The race between the good and the badPrivacyEncryption – Private and Public KeyWhat happens when you boot up ?Malware – Adware, Spyware and Viruses (Trojans, Worms) Antivirus – what they can and what they cannot doZero day exploitsPhishingFirewalls, IDSDigital SignaturesHackingWhat next ?
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Since ages the cops have been chasing the criminals
As light is to darkness, so is cops to criminals
There are rules to follow – which is called dharma
When people do not follow the dharma, they fall into disgrace
The farther away from way of the dharma, the more they seem to have err-ed
People do wrong actions because of ignorance
The cops are our line of defence against the looming threat
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We treasure our privacy. There are some parts of our life,, which cannot be exposed as doing so will cause discomfort to ourselves
What to hide and what to expose varies from individual to individual
Privacy is a key attribute of modern computing systems
One way to have privacy is to authenticate the set of data that we need to make private
Authorization further restricts the access to required data
Privacy can be compromised by not just computers, but also people who are unaware
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Encryption is a way of changing data into an unreadable format
It works on the basis of keys that are the gatekeepers to data
Private encryption is typically a dataset and 1 key to decode the same
Public Key Encryption uses 2 keys (RSA)
Encryption is also referred to as Secured mode
For eg: https
The key strength may be 40 bit, 128 bit etc. The bigger the key the more difficult it is to break the code.
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Here’’s a typical PC boot up sequence
Start POSTLoad Boot RecordLoad Kernel of OSLoad Shell of OSLoad Applications on StartupGive control to application
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Adware is a program which typically shows ads on your system, without your permission
Spyware is more advanced. It can log in your keys , act as a part of a botnet
Viruses are nasty little programs that cause a lot of nuisance.
Trojans are a type of virus. E.g: E-mail attachments
Worms are runaway virus programs which multiply very fast
There are many other types of viruses like boot sector / file viruses
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Antivirus detects viruses and eradicates them
They work typically on virus signatures
Some work on heuristics
Most of the anti viruses are pretty good, but virus writers are one step ahead.
Eg: McAfee, Norton, AVG etc.
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Are the exploits written with 24 hours of launch of a product
Antivirus people are always on the lookout for these viruses
The exploit can be a weakness in a operating system, a patch or something else
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Gathering info thru social engineering is called Phishing
The data typically is used to do something harmful to the person who revealed this data
It can also be an organization or group instead of a person
The problem is human beings who are gullible to such attacks
The only solution is to be alert
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A firewall is a block between the outside network and your computer
IDS or intrusion detection system, detects suspicious activities
A firewall can restrict access to your computer by closing some ports or restricting certain protocols
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Are electronic equivalent of paper signatures
They are recognized to be legally binding in some countries
Typically organizations like Verisign issue the same
MS Word also has a provision for the same
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Hacking is the art of understanding a system in depth
When the knowledge that is gathered is used for bad purpose it is called black hat hacking
When the knowledge that is gathered is used for good purpose it is called white hat hacking (ethical hackers)
Those in between are called grey hat hackers
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To block a black hat hacker, you have to think like them
Prevention is better than cure
Being proactive matters
Take backup regularly
Viruses have started proliferating thru all channels like device drivers
As gadgets become more intelligent the chances of a virus infecting them is more
Social Engineering is something that needs to be tackled with more awareness
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon
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Questions & Answers
Copyright, 2010 - Rajesh Menon