Download - Tajuk 4a Model-model Kajian Tindakan
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MODEL-MODELKAJIAN TINDAKAN
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MODEL STEPHEN KEMMIS (1982)
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MODEL STEPHEN KEMMIS
(1982)
Langkah berulang bermula dari
merancang, bertindak, memerhati dan
membuat refleksi
Kitaran kedua bermula dengan
menambahbaik pelan tindakan
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Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical:
education, knowledge and action research.Lewes, Falmer.
Action research can thus be used to:
understand ones own practice;
understand how to make ones practice
better;
understand how to accommodate outside
change in ones practice;
understand how to change the outside in
order to make ones practice better.4
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MODEL JOHN ELLIOT (1981)
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Menegaskan evolusi berterusan dan
mendefinisi semula matlamat kajian
Satu siri peninjauan yang berlaku pada
setiap kitaran
Peninjauan bermaksud analisis yang
membawa pemahaman terhadap masalah
praktikal
Menunjukkan lebih fleksibiliti dan
menjelaskan lagi proses kajian tindakan
berbanding dengan Kemmis 6
MODEL JOHN ELLIOT (1981)
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MODEL DAVE EBBUT (1983)
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MODEL DAVE EBBUT (1983)
Percaya bahawa menggambarkan kajian
tindakan sebagai gelungan tidak
membantu
Perlu melihatnya sebagai satu siri kitaran
yang berterusan
Setiap satu kitaran memberi maklum balas
dalam atau antara kitaran
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MODEL JACK WHITEHEAD &
JEAN MCNIFF (1988)
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McNiff, J. (1988)Action Research:
Principles and Practice, Basingstoke,
Macmillan
All representations of the action research process on
paper are simplistic.
In reality, life is complex and things rarely go as planned.
Indeed, although action research may start with a
carefully planned action, the nature of the process makes
the outcomes uncertain.
Links emerge with aspects that were not anticipated
McNiff (1988, p 45), drawing on the work of Whitehead,
reminds us of the messiness of action research,
showing a process that becomes spirals on spirals:10
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MODEL JACK WHITEHEAD &
JEAN MCNIFF (1988)
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RANCANG
BERTINDAK
RANCANG
MEREFLEKS
MEMERHATI
RANCANG
BERTINDAK
MEREFLEKS
MEMERHATI
RANCANG
BERTINDAK
MEREFLEKS
MEMERHATI
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Whitehead, J. (1985) An Analysis of an Individuals Educational
Development: the basis for personally oriented action research, in:
Shipman, M. (ed.) Educational Research: principles, policies and
practices, Lewes, Falmer
Emphasising the individual nature of action research, Jack
Whitehead (1985) puts forward a simple representation
of how the process feels:
I experience a problem when some of my educationalvalues are negated in my practice;
I imagine a solution to my problem;
I act in the direction of the solution;
I evaluate the outcomes of my actions; I modify my problems, ideas and actions in the light of
my evaluations.(p.98)
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MODEL KURT LEWIN (1947)
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MODEL KURT LEWIN (1947)
Berasaskan kitaran yang berulang bermula
dari analisis, peninjuan (reconnaissance),
mengkonsepsikan semula masalah,
merancang, melaksanakan tindakan, danmenilai keberkesanan tindakan
Melihat kajian tindakan sebagai membawa
perubahan berasaskan pelan tindakan danmenyiasat kesan tindakan yang
dilaksanakan
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