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CAHAYA , WARNADAN PENGLIHATAN
HJ.CHE AHAMAD BIN DAUDGuru Cemerlang Sains
Kolej Vokasional Kulim
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Formation of image
1.Images formed by a plane mirror are:a) upright which is the same position as the
actual object.
b) equal in size to the actual objectc) virtual in which image cannot be
displayed on a screen.
d) laterally inversed which makes leftappears as right and vice versa.
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A. PEMBENTUKAN IMEJ
ifat imej cermin satah ialah songsang sisi! sama
saiz dan jarak objek"cermin sama dengan jarak
imej"cermin! maya. #iri imej kanta cembung ialah
nyata! iaitu imej boleh dipaparkan pada skrin.
$anta cekung pula membentuk imej yang maya!
iaitu imej yang tidak boleh dipaparkan pada skrin.
$ita boleh melukis sinar cahaya yang memasuki
sesuatu kanta. $omponen utama rajah sinar yang
melalui kanta ialah :"
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Komponen utama raja !inar "angme#a#ui $anta ia#a %&
pusat optik " titik ditengah"tengah kanta. paksi utama " garis mendatar yang melaui
pusat optik. %itik fokus " titik dimana sinar ditumpukan. %itik &f " titik yang panjangnya & ' ganda
jarak fokus. Imej " imej yang terbentuk.
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(ika kita diberi satu kanta! bagaimanakah
kita boleh menentukan jarak fokusfocul
point) kanta itu *.
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+1+&+&
+1
(arak imej
(arak objek
,-,$, #I/I I0(2.
#/I%,$,3
45($
I0(
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+1+&+&
+1
(arak imej
(arak objek
,-,$, #I/I I0(2.
#/I%,$,3
45($
I0(
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+1+&+&
+1
(arak imej
(arak objek
,-,$, #I/I I0(2.
#/I%,$,3
45($
I0(
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+1+&+&
+1
(arak imej
(arak objek
,-,$, #I/I I0(2.
#/I%,$,3
45($
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+1+&+&
+1
(arak imej
(arak objek
45($ I0(
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ALATOPTIK
PRINSIP OPERASI SIFAT IMEJ
Periskop
sinar dipantulkan pada 2cermin sta !an" selari#
$ermin diletakkan padasudut %& dar'a dalamkotak
Ma!a( te"ak( sama
sai) den"an o*'ek
KantaPem*esar
o*'ek diletakkan kuran"dari '+,
ma!a te"ak( le*i*esar dari o*'ek
Kamerakanta cem*un"menumpukan sinar dariime' 'au ke -lem
n!ata son"san"dan mene"cil
Mikroskop
tediri dari 2 kanta . kantao*'ekti, dan kanta
mata#kanta o*'ekti,mem*entuk ime' n!ata(son"san" dan mem*esardiadapan kantamata#Kanta mata
mem*esarkan ime' kantao*'ekti, itu#
akirn!a ciri ime'iala /ma!a(son"san" danle*i *esar dario*'ek
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BAHAGIAN MATA FUNGSI
Gelemair("VITREOUSHUMOR") danGelemaa
mem!an# dalam $em%&'#an ime
K&rnea("*ORNEA+)
!a,a-ian l#inar di ,ada$an maa an-mem!enar'an inar ma#'
Iri mene!a!'an ana' maa ("PUPI/")mem!ear aa# men-eil 0 men-a1al ama#na,aa ma#' 'e dalam maa
O& Silia!&le, men-end#r0'ana maa meni$i!&le, men-e#0'ana maa mene!al
Kana Maa("/ENS")
mem%&'#'an inar a,aa an- ma#'
Reina!a,a-ian dimana ime er!en#'. Ia
men-and#n-i el &$i'
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Image! forme' (" a )on*e+ #en! an')on)a*e #en!
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Ra"! Diagram
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T"pe! of -pti)a# In!trument
1. -eriscope
&. magnifying glass
6. microscope 7. telescope
8. camera
7 8
6
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Peri!)ope
1. It is an optical device that enables anobserver to see over opaque objects
&. It consists with two mirror at each end set
at 78 to the direction to be viewed.6. %he image formed is virtual an in upright
position.
7. +or e9ample it is used in submarine.
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.agnif"ing g#a!!
1. It is used to form an image that is biggerthan the actual size of the object.
&. %he image form are upright! virtual image
of a small object.6. It is contain of one conve9 lens
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.i)ro!)ope
1. It is contain of two conve9 lens
i. objective lens at the object
ii. yepiece lens at the eye&. It is uses to magnify the smallers object
that cannot be seen using naked eye such
as microorganism.
6. %he image are real! inverted and magnified
image.
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Te#e!)ope
1. It is an instrument that can make distant objectappear nearer and larger.
&. It is consist of two conve9 lens: the objective lens
and the eyepiece lens.6. %he objective lens has a longer focal length while
the eyepiece lens has a shorter focal length.
7. %he image form are real! inverted and smallerimage at the focal point for objective lens.
8. ,t the eyepiece lens the image form are virtual!inverted and larger image at the infinity.
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Camera
1. , camera contains a conve9 lens that
forms a small! inverted! real image on the
film in the camera.&. It is consist of one conve9 lens.
6. %o focus the image the lens can be moved
backward or forward.
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Formation of image! in te e"e
1. %he lens of the eye is a conve9 lens in which itsfocal length can be adjusted
&. %he ability to change on the thickness of the lens
is called accommodition6. It is controlled by ciliary muscle
7. hen we focusing on nearby object the ciliarymuscle contract to make the lens becomes
thicker while focusing on distance object theciliary muscle rela9ed so the lens becomethinner.
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Ligt Di!per!ion%%It i! a pro)e!! /ere te /ite )o#our !p#it into !e*en )o#ourtat )a##e' !pe)trum 0 rain(o/1 %here are ; colour : red! orange! yellow! green!
blue! indigo and violet./4< = 5I>)
/ed light is a longer wave and violet is a shorter
wavelenght.
ach colour have different speed and different
wavelenght.
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Ligt 2)attering%It i! a pro)e!! /ere te ref#e)tion of #igt )au!e' (" te air
mo#e)u#e! or (" te parti)#e! in te atmo!pere 5lue light is shorter wave but the red light is a
longer wave.9ample of the
phenomena
resulting fromlight
scattering:
a) 5lue sky
b) /ed sky
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A''ition of )o#oure' #igt!
1. ,ddition of coloured lights is colour mi9ing
by adding lights of different colours.
&. %here are two types of light colour a) -rimary colour : red! blue and green
b) econdary colour: magenta! yellow and
cyan.
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,ddition of colour light
Primar !olour Se!on"ar !olour
=reen ? red yellow
=reen ? blue cyan
5lue ? red 0agenta
=reen ? /ed ? 5lue @ hite
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2u(!tra)tion of )o#oure' #igt
1. %he separation of color from a white lightthrough a color filter is called substraction ofcolor lights
&. , color filter is made of transparent plasticsheet or glass.
6. %here are two types of filter color
a) -rimary filter : red! green and blueb) secondary filter: magenta! yellow and cyan.
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7. %he secondary filter will only allow its
respective color as well as its original
primary color to pass through it.
8. %he primary filter will only allows its
respective color to pass through and will
absorb the other color.
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App#"ing te prin)ip#e of !u(!tra)tionof )o#oure' #igt!
1. e can see an object because the object reflect
light from the light source.
&. #oloured object are usually opaque.It is mean
when white light falls on them they will reflect
the colour which is similar to the objects.
6. %he other colour will be absorb and only the
reflected colour will enter our eyes.7. %his process is known as the principle of
substraction of coloured light by an object.
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8. %he appearance of coloured objects
depends on the colour of light that :
i. falls on it
ii. Is reflected
iii. is absorbed.
A. 4bjects with primary colour will only reflect
their own colours
;. 4bjects with secondary colour do not
reflect their own colour but also their
primary colour.
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-(je)t /it primar" )o#our
/ed lighthite
light
=reenlight
5lue
light
hitelight
hitelight
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Te fun)tion of ro' an' )one )e##! inte e"e
1. %here are two types of light sensitive cells in our
retina eye:
i. rod cell
ii. #one cell
&. /od cell are sensitive to dim light especially at night
and not sensitive to coloured objects.
6. #one cell are sensitive to bright light.7. It is consist of three types of cell and each types is
only sensitive to one primary colour.
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he effect of mixing
he effect of mixing
pigment
igment
1.1. -igment are coloured substances that can be-igment are coloured substances that can be
obtained from plants! dead insects! soil!obtained from plants! dead insects! soil!
chemical substances and so on.chemical substances and so on.
&.&. -igments are commonly used in colour-igments are commonly used in colour
photography and the mi9ing of paints.photography and the mi9ing of paints.
6.6. %here are three types of pigments:%here are three types of pigments:
a) from plantsa) from plantsb) natural pigmentb) natural pigment
c) synthetic pigment.c) synthetic pigment.
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Te u!e! of pigment
1. enna or inai is a pigment used to colour the
nails or hair.
&. %he pandan leaves is used to colour the cake
and enhances the aroma and add colour to the
cakes.
6. %he blue paints is from cobalt phosphate while
the red paint is from certain dead insects7. 4il is the basis in producing fluorescent
pigments.
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,dditionB 0i9ing of colour pigment ,dditionB 0i9ing of colour pigment
Primary colour pigmentPrimary colour pigment
Red , Blue and Yellow.Red , Blue and Yellow.
Secondary colour pigmentSecondary colour pigment::
Red + Yellow = GreenRed + Yellow = Green
Red + Blue = MagentaRed + Blue = Magenta
Yellow + Blue = CyanYellow + Blue = Cyan
Red + Blue + Yellow = BlackRed + Blue + Yellow = Black
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Te importan)e of )o#our in 'ai#" #ife
1. -rinting: yellow! cyan! magenta and black.&. lectrical wiring: red B brownC life
: green C earth
: blue " neutral6. %raffic light : red C stop
: green C go
: yellow B amber " prepair
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Te importan)e of )o#our to anima#!
1. ,ttract female animal such as peacock
&. ,s warning signs such as frog and snake.
6. #amouflage such as such as chameleonto protect themselves from their
predators. %his animal can able to change
their body colour according to theirsurrounding.
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Te importan)e of )o#our to p#ant!
1. %he chlorophyll pigment green) in plants
leaves enables them to make food.
&. %he bright and colouful petals attractinsects such as butterfly and enable in the
process of pollination.