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System Administration for the Enterprise
W.L. Garner and L.J. Hawk
North American Performance Group, Inc.
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Introduction
• William L. Garner– Over 15 Years as
SysAdmin
– Large shops, Large Environments
– Performance and Capacity Planning
– Security Management & Incident Response
• Landi J. Hawk– 20 Years IT
– Disaster Recovery Planning
– Data Architecture & Data Warehousing
– Application Implementations
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Agenda
• Background
• What is Enterprise Administration
• Principles of Good Enterprise Administration
• Architecture of Enterprise Administration
• Practical Implementation
• Closing
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Background
• Unix has taken the Data Center
• Unix has matured as an Operating System
• Administration at a server level
• Disk Arrays have been administered at a server level
• Management is looking for reductions in costs
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What is Enterprise Administration
Enterprise System Administration is the activity necessary to provide and maintain
IT services for the Enterprise.
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What is Good Enterprise Administration
• It is efficient
• It is organized
• It is standardized
• It is procedural
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What is Good Enterprise Administration
• Good Enterprise Systems Administration– produces consistently predictable, stable,
environments– produces environments requiring lower levels
of effort to maintain – is high on the Capability Maturity Model
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Capability Maturity Model
• Developed by The Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University
• Describes five stages of organizational evolution or maturity
• Provides a model for process maturity
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Software Engineering Institute's Capability Maturity Model
• Level 1 - Initial
• Level 2 - Repeatable
• Level 3 - Defined
• Level 4 - Managed
• Level 5 - Optimizing
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Capability Maturity ModelInitial Level
• Not Process Oriented
• Success dependent on staff talent or luck
• Ad-hoc manner of work
• Hard to achieve improvement
• Heroes and Headaches
• 70% of IT organizations
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Capability Maturity ModelRepeatable
• Managing projects using repeatable processes
• Processes driven environment
• Measure success of processes
• Make improvements
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Capability Maturity ModelDefined
• Institutionalize processes
• Entire IT organization integrated into the process improvement process
• Focus on full spectrum of IT activities
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Capability Maturity ModelManaged
• Quantitative Measures become important in assessing areas of improvement
• Overall quality is measured
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Capability Maturity ModelOptimizing
• Highest Level of maturity
• Entire organization is focused on continuous process improvement
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Mark PaulkSEI/Carnegie Mellon University
Level Focus Key Process Area
Optimizing Continual Process Improvement Defect PreventionTechnology Change ManagementProcess Change Management
Managed Product and Process Quality Quantitative Process ManagementQuality Management
Defined Engineering processes andorganizational support
Organizational Process FocusOrganizational Process DefinitionTraining ProgramIntegrated ManagementInter-group Co-ordination
Repeatable Project Management Processes Requirements ManagementProject Planning/TrackingConfiguration Management
InitialCompetent People and heroics
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Benefits of using theCapability Maturity Model
• Benefits come over time
• Reduced re-work, fewer faults, enhanced predictability, increased user satisfaction, enhanced performance reputation, increase credibility
• Greater control and better ability to plan
• Increased efficiency, accountability and responsiveness
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More Information on Capability Maturity Model
• Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie-Mellon University
• www.sei.cmu.edu/cmm/cmm.html
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Principles of Good Enterprise Administration
• Standardize
• Simplify
• Automate
• Segregate
• Consolidate
• Regulate
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Standardize
• ServiceGuard like approach to SysAdmin
• Naming Conventions
• LVM Structures
• DBMS
• Kernel configuration
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Benefits of Standardization
• Establishes the ‘rules of the road’
• Makes your environment understandable
• Empowers decision making
• Makes it easier to be right than it is to be wrong
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Simplify
• Apply standards universally
• Use Authority Delegation tool
• Maintain online change log
• Use scripts
• Practice ‘Application Containment’
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Application Containment
• Building applications on servers in a ways that simplify the process of relocation
• Essentially follow ServiceGuard Standards for LVM
• Benefits– Gives you options– Simplifies Disaster Recovery and Backup/Recovery
Planning– Simplifies upgrades
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Benefits of Simplification
• Simple things work
• Simple things can be taught
• Complexity is built on combinations of fundamentally sound simple ‘things’
• Simple things can be understood, internalized
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Automate
• Deploy and use a scheduling tool
• Develop scripts to do ‘housekeeping’
• Take advantage of run-level functionality
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Benefits of Automation
• Direct workload relief
• Reliability
• Consistency
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Segregate
• Logically organize applications by business unit
• Within business units, segregate applications by operational function
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Segregate
• Logically organize applications by business function.
Sales Accounting
Research Mfg.
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Segregate
• Segregate by operational category Sales
App Server
OLTP
DSS
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Benefits of Segregation
• Opportunity to synchronize IT operations with Business cycles
• Insulates servers and applications
• Enable simplified approach to backup/recovery
• Enable simplified approach to Disaster Recovery
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Benefits of Segregation
• Optimum hardware configuration based on role
• Optimum O/S configuration based on role
• Metrics tuned for role
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Consolidate
• More applications on fewer ‘bigger’ servers
• Business unit separation makes for a more manageable environment
• Separation by operational role makes for higher performing environment
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Benefits of Consolidation
• Fewer Servers to maintain
• Easier to maintain 1 big server than to maintain 25 small servers
• Easier to manage points of failure
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Benefits of Consolidation
• At the Business unit level, separation makes for a more manageable environment– Simplified SLA
– Insulation from other business unit disruptions
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Regulate
• Establish thresholds and use them
• Proactive system capacity and performance monitoring
• Enforce standards
• Manage implementations
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Architecture of Enterprise Administration
• It’s not a 24x7 world
• It is a 360 Degree world
• The computer is no longer a server
• The ‘computer’ is the combination of every server, every disk array, every network device and every cable in the data center
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Architecture of Enterprise Administration
• Application Containment becomes essential
• Mobility and high availability
• Periodic consolidation and re-alignment
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Practical Implementation
• Design your environment
• Deploy all new servers according to your design
• Deploy all new applications according to new standards
• Establish a schedule to retrofit standards to old applications
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Practical Implementation
• Business justification for retrofit– More effective use of assets
– Fewer servers mean fewer support contracts
– Reduced internal support effort
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Closing
• Enterprise Administration is an exercise in engineering
• Always work from business requirements