Download - Sustainable Platforming with Design
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH
DESIGN
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Tatu Marttila (M.A. Industrial Design) Teacher, researcher, doctoral candidateAalto University ARTS, Helsinki, Finland
http://designresearch.aalto.fi/groups/nodus/
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Contents
• Introduction• Design• Sustainability• Platforms• Praxis• Conclusions
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Introduction to Finland
Finland: • A Nordic “social welfare” state with +5 million people population• History: From wood industry to hi-tech to service society• Appreciation for design (national design policies; WDC2012)• High on education (PISA results)• Somewhat hit by EU regression
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Helsinki, the capital cityPhotograph by Mikko Paananen,
via Wikipedia
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University:• A university formed in 2010 through a merger of University of Art and
Design, School of Economics and University of Technology• Now 6 schools and around 15000 students + 4000 staff• Located in three campuses around Helsinki metropolitan area• A place where “Art and Business meets Science and Technology”
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
DESIGN.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Current landscapes of Design Practice
During the 20th century design practice has evolved from a craft focused skill to a tool to understand user and consumer choices, and finally to manage societal change.
At the same time the focus of design action has evolved from details to strategic level, and finally to the societal level.
By the end of the 20th century the unsustainability of our current being has become evident.
21st century – the century for design?
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Source: NextDesign Leadership Institute,
GK VanPatter and Elizabeth Pastor
The landscapes of design practice andeducation:
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
From details design towards Metadesign
Designers attach meanings (‘signs’) to things (‘designed’). Designing meanings can be perceived as Metadesign.
Metadesign is aimed at defining, creating and developing social, economic and technical infrastructures in which new forms of collaborative design can take place -> Platforms!
Metadesign has an interdisciplinary and systemic approach, and it aims to tackle the complex problems of our contemporary everyday.
It represents the upstream of design, whereas the details design is the downstream…
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Understanding design action
Contemporary design action stretches from visual communication to interface design, from product design to societal design, and from urban planning to industrial processes.
Design is still about “courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones." (Simon, 1996)
Designers help to develop solutions to contemporary problems (collaboratively and independently), and communicate about them inside and outside teams.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
SUSTAINABILITY.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Sustainability in Consumer Society
Consumer society started to emerge strongly at the latest in the latter half of the 20th century. However, many of its ingredients were planted far before the 20th century.
Most importantly it seems that the consumption society is connected to economic capitalism that is enhanced with extremely efficient industrial production.
An era of second modernity?
Along the emerging consumer society design emerged as a discipline and became industrialized, connecting strongly with manufacturing industry and focusing on increasing efficiency, functionality, styling and advertising.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Designer responsibility and sustainability
Design as a problem solving activity? Or as a problem creation activity?
In Victor Papanek's (1927-1999) view: "There are professions more harmful than Industrial Design, but only a few.”
We all design but not all of us are professional designers – with have a higher level of responsibility of design action.
In the brief history of industrial design, designers have done their part by not questioning the practices of work.
- How are we doing?
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Weak or strong sustainability?
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Three pillars of sustainability Three pillars of sustainability – Nested within the ecological
dimension
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Whose sustainability?
The history of capitalism can be traced back to early forms of merchant capitalism practiced in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, but only industrialized mass production has created possibilities for contemporary models of consumption.
Today, economic growth based on planned obsolescence has become force majeure in the ‘developed’ societies. Combined with the economic imperative of growth it has led to ecological crisis.
No one can deny negative ecological impacts of consumption. Allegedly, however, economic growth has created increased societal wellbeing.
- Does consumption produce societal welfare and wellbeing?
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Source: www.treehugger.com
No genuine progress in the quality of life (USA):
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Source: http://www.happyplanetindex.org/
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
So are we getting sustainable?Cleaner production, growing welfare and decoupling of wealth and pollution seem to be (at least partially) only myths…
Rebound-effect is driven by the economic imperative, as markets aim to produce more stuff as impact per unit decreases.
Even if factor 10 (ten times more effective production of services) is achieved by 2050, there can only be negative growth in consumption, and also in economy in the ‘developed’ contexts.
We seem to approach the depletion of all the resources within 21st century.
According to some estimations, as business-as-usual continues, a global collapse is closing in around the middle of this century.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Source: “A safe operating space for humanity” (2011) by Stockholm Resilience Centre/Nature
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Global collapse within this century?
Source: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, via Scientific American
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Sustainability in the making…
Role of design shifting from details to systems level and eventually towards societal transformation (Aminoff, et al. 2011)
Context-dependent sustainability should be defined among a larger group of stakeholders, including laypeople
Design approach in solving difficult and complex problems and problem-contexts - “wicked problems” (Rittel & Webber, 1973)
Design thinking and reflection (problem-driven and solution oriented) helping collaborative process by creating new integrations of signs, things, actions and environment (Buchanan, 1995)
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Source: The Natural Step, see: http://www.naturalstep.org/
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
From design in transition…
Contemporary user-centered design is unable to produce more sustainable solutions as long as it works along the imperative of economic growth.
Suggested improvements as new approaches have been (more) functional and systemic design, but they embrace the existing power structures.
A shift in our mode of being is required, from quantitative to qualitative, from consumption to conservation, and from imperialism to co-existence.
This must happen under the imperative of sustainment – design must become a part of politics (Fry, 2008; 2010).
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
…Into Design for Sustainability
Challenges of sustainability are often complex and multi-faceted and require mediation between several concepts, contexts and interests. Accordingly, sustainable design should be based on a broader view, constructed in collaboration between several experts and laypeople.
Hence, design and research for sustainability must have a systemic approach (Shedroff, 2009) and a trans-scientific character (Tukker, et al. 2008).
Sustainable design requires transdisciplinary knowledge and action within a real-life problem context. It requires an expanded, systemic and collaboratively mediated perspective
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
…And design activism!
Design activism can be defined as “design thinking, imagination and practice applied knowingly or unknowingly to create a counter-narrative aimed at generating and balancing positive social, institutional, environmental and/or economic change” (Fuad-Luke, 2009).
Design activists (working voluntarily or with a salary) are designing for a reason – to create counter-narratives to the unsustainable status quo.
Design activists create platforms to address and discuss some contemporary problems in society, everyday life and in design itself.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
PLATFORMING.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
New types of knowledge and learning
Developing inter-professional collaboration (Hukkinen, 2008): multidisciplinary > interdisciplinary > transdisciplinary
New type(s) of knowledge and learning in meeting points between different professions: “Mode 1” vs. “Mode 2” knowledge (Gibbons, et al. 1994) and collective knowledge creation (Engeström, 2008; Hakkarainen, 2004); Hybrid knowledge (Bruun, et al. 2005)
"Shared problem space" to integrate and translate (disciplinary) knowledge with a “transdisciplinary design dialogue” (Wahl & Baxter, 2008)
Different backgrounds and different types of people (education, profession, experiences and history)
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Platforming for sustainability
Learning for sustainable design calls for problem and project-based collaborative learning (Blunden, 2011) and transdisciplinary design dialogues (Wahl & Baxter, 2008)
Communities with epistemic traditions, or “communities of practice” (Lave & Wenger, 1991) -> Towards a "community of interest" (Fischer, 2001)
Affecting factors: Professional background, different personal histories, tools and activities, trust and orientation, management support
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
(Co-)Design(ed) platforms
New knowledge on the role of design as something that mediates social relations in contemporary daily living has to be developed through transdisciplinary design dialogues involving a wide group of specialists and laypeople.
These developments require a widespread discourse on the values and driving forces behind the process. How to prioritize stakeholders or their interests and from which perspective to assess sustainability? What is the designer's role and responsibility? What are the most important areas of development?
Design projects around sustainability can function as mediums to support such discourse, if they are reachable and open.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Design for Transdisciplinarity
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Transdisciplinary action for sustainability (Marttila 2013; DRS/Cumulus conference)
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Design for The Imaginative
Anthony Dunne suggests (2005) that we require “poeticizising the distance between people and [electronic] objects” to encourage “sensitive skepticism” rather than “unthinking assimilation”(Ibid.).
Such actions call for “breaking through the white noise” of our contemporary existence(Fuad-Luke, 2009).
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Design academia and experimenting (Marttila 2013; DRS/Cumulus conference)
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
PRAXIS.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Platforming in praxis
Design action, as well as design(ed) platforms address articulation, mediation and exploration.
If they are open and accessible to the potential problem owners they can also induce more sustainable action.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Example.1Developing CS MA program
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Creative Sustainability (CS) is a multidisciplinary MA program that initiated in fall 2010 in Aalto University.
All CS students attend to common introduction courses (6-10 total ECTS). These students also attend to complete modules (up to 20 ECTS) that are engaging students from several study programs in real-life cases and in transdisciplinary teamwork.
See: http://acs.aalto.fi
Creative Sustainability Master’s Program
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Developing CS program:
The pedagogical approach is based on “integrating teaching and research, problem-based learning, blended learning and strong connection to practical outcomes” -> constructive and open approach.
Vague topical areas such as design and sustainability
Several degree programs collaborating -> difficulties to develop common contents.
Students started involving themselves in developing the program.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
“Stuff We Do” on CS website:
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
CS student initiated projects:
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
image courtesy: Whose* Issues Project blog (whoseissues.tumblr.com)
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
CS program spin-off: Big Plans Bakery
Big Plans Bakery is a seven-member interdisciplinary organization somewhere between a think tank and a design consultancy – which is why it’s a think/do tank.
While being partially CS student initiated, it is also now participating to CS teaching.
“We’re at our best in producing solutions to problems that come between people and a sustainable future. Our solutions are based on valid theory that is proven in tangible actions – this assures the scientific and ethical integrity that is the centre of our operational values.”
See: http://bigplansbakery.com/
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Example.2 WDC2012 Wellbeing projects
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
365 Wellbeing consists of 12 projects which represent actual services or processes in the cities of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Lahti.
Projects addressed different dimensions of wellbeing, focusing in particular on municipal wellbeing services and patient-centered health care solutions.
A part of the official WDC2012 program.
See: http://365wellbeing.aalto.fi/
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Repicturing Suburban Neighborhood:
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Material by TANGO project team
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Repicturing Suburban Neighborhood:
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Material by TANGO project team
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Repicturing Suburban Neighborhood:
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Material by TANGO project team
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Alternative Design Capital (ADC) 2012:
Alternative Design Capital (ADC) was born from the need to have a platform for open, experimental and critical practices excluded from the official WDC2012 programme.
ADC is aspiring to continue in Cape Town 2014 (World Design Capital 2014).
See: http://adc2012.org/
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
ADC2012 projects:
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Image courtesy: Kallio Kukkii ja Soi!
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
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Image courtesy: Alternative Design Capital 2012 | adc2012.org
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
CONCLUSIONS.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Design platforms for sustainability
Instrumental approach to sustainable design is not enough.
New collaborative and transdisciplinary approach is needed.
Design aiming for sustainability can address efficiency, but not without addressing also the meanings that are attached to things.
Thus, sustainable design must reach towards metadesign level, where “conscious awareness, value systems, worldviews” are collaboratively defined (Wahl & Baxter, 2008).
New type of decision-making is required, including increased knowledge base through transdisciplinary design dialogues between experts and laypeople (Ibid.), but also new types of power structures.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
Design platforms for sustainability
The challenge of sustainability is to design a new way of being. Design practice, education, economic activity and interaction within the social have to be addressed as a whole.
One aim of sustainable design should therefore be to create the supportive platforms that enable better awareness, more informed collaboration and more genuine interaction, with a wide public audience and several stakeholder groups, co-aligned under a new direction.
Design education can provide its educators and its future professionals with specific skills, to enable them to better facilitate collaboration and communication among several participants.
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
From details to consequences(or vice versa?)
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
From details to consequences(or vice versa?)
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
THANK.YOU!
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto University ARTSHelsinki, Finland
References
9/12/13 Factor Clave 2013 | Tatu Marttila: SUSTAINABLE PLATFORMING WITH DESIGN
Aalto-yliopisto (2011) Strategia (http://www.aalto.fi/fi/about/strategy/AALTO-Strategia.pdf)
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Marttila, T. and C. Kohtala (2013) [in print]. Transdisciplinary Platforms: Teaching Sustainability to Design Students. In C. Vezzoli, C. Kohtala & A. Srinivasan (Eds.), Product-Service System Design for Sustainability. Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Publishing.
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Shedroff, N. (2009) Design is the Problem. New York, US: Rosenfeld Media.Tukker, A., M. Charter, C. Vezzoli, E. Stø and M. Andersen (2008). System
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