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Support for Treatment, Recovery,
and Prevention through the
Lens of ResilienceBelinda Biscoe, PhD
Interim Senior Associate Vice President for
University Outreach
Director of the Southwest Prevention Center
The University of Oklahoma
Presented at the: Integrating Primary and
Behavioral Health Care through the Lens of
Prevention
November 15, 2019
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
What Do You See?
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Now do you see what I see?
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Objectives1. Explore the meaning of resilience.
2. Identify a cluster of strengths, based on the research, that are
characteristic of resilient individuals.
3. Differentiate between resilience and protective factors
4. Discuss the implications of resilience for treatment and
prevention programs
5. Frame resilience through a life-span developmental perspective
6. Discuss strategies, activities and programs that can enhance
resiliencies in children, youth, and adults.
7. Translate the concept of resilience from theory and assessment
to practice and action and its implications across the Spectrum
of Prevention
8. Provide information on the R.A.S., A.R.A.S., and C.R.A.S.
(Resiliency Attitudes Scales developed by Dr. Belinda Biscoe
and Ms. Betty Harris, 1994).
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Presentation AgendaOverview of Resilience
What resilience is and isn’t
Practical applications for treatment and prevention
Clusters of resilience
From damage to challenge
The developmental progression of resilience
Building Resilience in the Environment across the Spectrum of Prevention
Reframing
Measuring Resiliency Attitudes
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Physical Definition
The property of returning to
the original shape after
being bent, compressed or
stretched out of shape
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Psychological Definition
The capacity to
bounce back
from adversity
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Resilience
DefinedIn the 1980’s in this
country, the Damage
Model seeped down
from the professional to
our popular culture in a
big way…How can we
escape the pessimism of
the Damage Model
prediction?…We need to
hear less about our
susceptibility to harm
and more about our
ability to rebound from
adversity when it comes
our way.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Resilience Defined
Higgins (1994) “process of self-righting and
growth”
Rirkin and Hoopman (1991), “Resilience can be
defined as the capacity to spring back, rebound,
successfully adapt in the face of adversity, and
develop social, academic, and vocational
competence despite exposure to severe stress or
simply to stress that is inherent in today’s world.
Ovans (2015), Resilience was defined by most as
the ability to recover from setbacks, adapt well to
change, and to keep going in the face of adversity.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Vulnerable Resilient Invulnerable
Pathologies
Resiliencies
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Either/Or
Resilient Not Resilient
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Resilience
Average MoreLess
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Resilience
Internal to the child
Protective Factors
External to the child
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
How is the concept of
resilience relevant to
helping kids/clients?
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Resilience
Application
Talking to kids
about their strengths
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Damage Model
Troubled
Family
Child
PathologiesDAMAGES SUCCUMBS
Child
Pathologies
Adult
Pathologies
Pathologies
Adolescent
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
PATHOLOGY
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Damage Model
Conception of the Child
Helpless
Fragile
Passive
Trapped
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Damage Model
The Helping Professional
Understands the damage
Allows the client to feel and
express anger
Helps the client to grieve
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Damage Model Deficiencies
Client/Student
Instills fear
Neglects psycho-educational
needs
Induces helplessness
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Damage Model
Troubled
Family
DAMAGES
CHALLENGES
Child
Pathologies
Resiliencies
SUCCUMBS
REBOUNDS
Child
Adolescent
Adult
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
PATHOLOGY RESILIENCE
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Challenge Model
Conception of the child
Active
Capable of choosing
Self-protective
Resourceful
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
E. James Anthony
“The Invulnerable Child”
Children of Schizophrenics
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Gina O’Connell Higgins
“Resilient Adults:
Overcoming a Cruel Past”
Children of Extremely Stressful Families
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
H. Beth Balshaw
“Living Intentionally
Children of Spouse Abusers
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Emmy Werner
“Children of The Garden Isle”
Children of Troubled Families
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Resiliencies
Insight
Independence
Relationships
Initiative
Creativity
Humor
Morality
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Brief DefinitionsBrief Definitions
Insight—The habit of asking tough questions, which pierce the
denial and confusion in troubled families. In other words
asking yourself tough questions, but giving honest answers.
(Example—Women in treatment)
Independence—Emotional and physical distancing from a
trouble family, which keeps survivors out of harm’s way.
Relationships—Developing intimate and fulfilling ties to
others that provide the stability, nurturing and love that
troubled families do not give.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Brief DefinitionsInitiative—A push for mastery that combats the feeling of
helplessness troubled families produce in their offspring
Creativity—Representing one’s inner pain and hurtful
experiences in art forms; “building a new world on the ruins
of the old.” Imposing order, beauty, and purpose on the
chaos of your troubling experiences and painful feelings.
Humor—The ability to minimize pain and troubles by
laughing a oneself. Finding the comic in the tragic.
Morality—An informed conscience, which imbues the
survivor surrounded by “badness” with a sense of his or her
own “goodness.”
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Resilience of Humor
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Resilience of Relationships
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Mirroring
Learning who you are by
seeing your reflection
in the face of another
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The ResilienciesDevelopmental Phases
Insight
Independence
Relationships
Initiative
Creativity
Humor
Morality
Adolescent
Knowing
Disengaging
Recruiting
Working
Valuing
Adult
Understanding
Separating
Attaching
Generating
Composing
Laughing
Serving
Child
Sensing
Straying
Connecting
Exploring
Judging
Playing Shaping
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The ResilienciesDevelopmental Phases
Insight
Independence
Relationships
Initiative
Creativity
Humor
Morality
Adolescent
Knowing
Disengaging
Recruiting
Working
Valuing
Adult
Understanding
Separating
Attaching
Generating
Composing
Laughing
Serving
Child
Sensing
Straying
Connecting
Exploring
Judging
Playing Shaping
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The ResilienciesDevelopmental Phases
Insight
Independence
Relationships
Initiative
Creativity
Humor
Morality
Adolescent
Knowing
Disengaging
Recruiting
Working
Valuing
Adult
Understanding
Separating
Attaching
Generating
Composing
Laughing
Serving
Child
Sensing
Straying
Connecting
Exploring
Judging
Playing Shaping
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
My Personal Strengths1. Describe your family in ways you are comfortable
sharing.
2. Identify a resilience you possess.
3. How did you use this particular strength to help you
in troubled times?
As a child
As a teenager
As an adult
4. How did you, at times, push this strength to an
extreme that it became a weakness?
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Protective Functions
Resilience turns Hardship into Strength
Insight---denial confusion---honesty, clarity
Independence---engulfment, co-dependency---
Autonomy
Relationships---neglect, alienation—closeness—
security
Initiative---helplessness, despair, optimism---
effectiveness, mastery
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Protective Functions
Resilience turns Hardship into Strength
Creativity---ugliness, pain---beauty
Humor---deadliness---liveliness, spirit
Morality---badness, abuse---goodness
compassion
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Reframing
Uncovering the hidden
themes in a story
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Stance of the Helping
ProfessionalBelieve in the child or client and his/her future.
Listen empathically.
Slow things down.
Be curious, not judgmental.
Go for the details.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Uncovering Hidden Themes
Make comparisons.
Find the strength mixed with the pain.
Recast the child as a major character.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Capitalizing on the Reframe
Acknowledge survivor’s pride.
Name the resiliency.
Trace the development of the resiliency.
Identify other instances of the resiliency.
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Jerome Kagan
“The Nature of the Child”
The Objective Frame
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Jerome Kagan
“The Nature of the Child”
The Subjective Frame
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Survivor’s Pride
A sense that you
have been tested and that
you have prevailed
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Survivor’s Pride
Goal
To form a bond
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Survivor’s Pride
Goal
To motivate
positive change
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Survivor’s Pride
Goal
To change the image of
oneself from damaged
goods to one who prevails
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Nan Henderson and Mike Milstein, 1994
The Resiliency Wheel
Provide
Opportunities
for Meaningful
Parrticipation
Increase
Prosocial
Bonding
Set
Clear
Consistent
Boundaries
Set and
Communicate
High Expectations
Teach Life
Skills
Provide
Caring &
Support
Build
Resilience
in the
Environment
Mitigate Risk
Factors in the
Environment
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
SELF
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Resiliency Mandala
SELF
Insight
Independence
Morality
Creativity
HumorInitiative
Relationship
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
SELF
Family Troubles
Family Troubles
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
SELF
Alienation
Helplessness
Neglect
Co-Dependency
DenialAbuse
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
SELF
Alienation
Helplessness
Neglect
Co-
Dependency
DenialAbuse
Family
History
Life
Events
Social Conditions
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
SELF
Alienation
Helplessness
Neglect
Co-
Dependency
DenialAbuse
Illness
Poverty
Media Violence
Culture
School
Community
History of
Alcoholism
Divorce
Death
Racism
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Challenge Model
The Helping Professional
Addresses the damage
Identifies unrecognized
resilience
Taps survivor’s pride
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Damage Model Deficiencies
The Helping Professional
Limits
Weakens
Discourages
Blinds
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
OVERVIEW OF THE
RESILIENCY ATTITUDES
SCALE (R.A.S.)
Development of the R.A.S.
Administration of the R.A.S.
Scoring the R.A.S.
Interpretation of the R.A.S.
Preliminary Data
Applicability to Various Populations
Biscoe and Harris, 1994
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
VERSIONS OF THE
INSTRUMENTS
Children’s Resiliency Attitudes Scale
(C.R.A.S.)
Adolescent Resiliency Attitudes Scale
(A.R.A.S.)
Resiliency Attitudes Scale
(R.A.S.)Biscoe and Harris, 1994,
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE
RESILIENCY SCALES
These resiliency instruments are designed to be
administered in self report format. They are
written at a very elementray reading level. The
scale should be administered in a quiet and private
environment free of distractions. The person
administering the assessment should read the
R.A.S. instructions aloud to the client and verify
understanding.
Biscoe and Harris, 1994,
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Scoring The R.A.S.
Likert Scale
Reverse Coding
Strength Index Score: Standardized Score
Higher Strength Index Score Higher
ResilienceBiscoe and Harris, 1994,
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Women in Residential
Substance Abuse Treatment:
Changes in Resiliency Over
Time
0102030405060708090
Insi
gh
t
Ind
epen
d
Rel
ati
on
.
Init
iati
ve
Cre
ati
vity
Mo
rali
ty
Gen
. R
es.
To
tal
Res
Time 1
Time 2
Time 3
Biscoe and Harris, 1994,
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Changes in Resiliency Skills for
Women in Residential
Substance Abuse
Treatment
0102030405060708090
Sen
sin
g
Un
der
st.
Dis
tan
c.
Att
ach
ing
Gen
era
t.
Cre
at/
Ex
p
Ju
dg
ing
Per
sist
en
ce
Resiliency Skiils
Time1
Time 2
Time 3
Biscoe and Harris, 1994,
Eagle Ridge Institute,
Oklahoma City, OK
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Means of Participating Attendees 2019
76 76
70
8077
80 8177
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Res
ilie
ncy
Str
ength
Index
Resiliency Attitudes Scale
INSIGHT
INDEPENDENCE
RELATIONSHIP
INITIATIVE
CREATIVITY &
HUMOR
MORALITY
GENERAL
RESILIENCY
TOTAL
RESILIENCY
RAS copyright 1994 Belinda Biscoe,
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Skills Group Means for Attendees 2019
77
76
68
83
73
79
68
74
80
79
81
68
80
78
84
84
78
0 20 40 60 80 100
TOTAL…
SENSING
KNOWING
UNDERSTANDING
SEPARATING
DISTANCING
RECRUITING
ATTACHING
PROBLEM…
GENERATING
CREATIVITY
CREATING-…
HUMOR
JUDGING
SERVING
PERSISTENCE
FLEXIBILITY
Resiliency Strength Index
Resiliency Skills ScalesGROUP MEANS, November 2019
RA
Sco
pyri
ght
19
94
Bel
ind
a
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Applicability to Various
Populations
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
The Spectrum of Prevention
Influencing Policy and Legislation
Changing Organizational Practices
Fostering Coalitions and Networks
Educating Providers
Promoting Community Education
Strengthening Individual Knowledge and
Skills * Shared at Wednesday Morning Plenary
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Affirming Who We Are
Create Dyads
Choose one person as A and the other as B
Begin to identify affirmations you would like
to have heard as a child—
Ask all who are A to close their eyes
Share affirmations around the room
Ask all who are B to close their eyes
Share affirmations around the room
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Affirming Who We Are
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
CONCLUSIONS
• Prevention, Educational and
Therapeutic Implications
• Cross-Cultural Significance
• Importance of balanced approaches
that address “damage and
challenge”, but that also
acknowledge strengths
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Contact Information
Belinda Biscoe, Ph.D.
Interim Senior Associate Vice President
for University Outreach
The University of Oklahoma
E-mail address: [email protected]
405-325-1712 Office
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Drs. Steven & Sybil Wolin
Project Resilience
Washington D.C.
Questions and Answers