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Summary from Previous Class
1. Earth’s Internal Layering - Crust, Mantle and Core
2. Seismology, LVZ, Lithosphere, and Asthenosphere
3. P,T, density variation in the earth’s interior
4. Transition Zone, Two-layered vs. whole mantle convection
5. Plate tectonics, Plumes, Wilson Cycle, and recent hypotheses by Anderson and Larson
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Layer Names
Inner Core Solid IronOuter Core Molten IronMantle Dense silicatesCrust Great variety of minerals in the
continental crust but limited in the oceanic crust
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Meteorite TypesIrons (Core Equivalent)
Stony Irons (Core/Mantle Boundary)Stony meteorites
Achondrites (silicate dominated)Chondrites (silicate)
Carbonaceous Chondrites (only type with C & H2O…source of LIFE!)
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Meteorite composition and abundance
Stony meteorites (92.8%)
Chondrites (85.7%) Carbonaceous (5.7%) hydrated mins. (serpentine),
organic compounds, 1-9%H2O ordinary (67.6%) pyroxenes, olivines, Fe-Ni metal
other (12.5%) similarAchondrites (7.1%)
Ca-rich (4.7%) pyroxenes,olivines,plagioclaseCa-poor (2.4%) no plag
Stony irons (1.5%)mesosiderites pyrox, plag, Fe-Nipallasites olivine, Fe-Niothers pyrox, oliv, Fe-Ni
Irons (5.7%)octahedrites kamacite, taenitehexahedrites kamacitesataxites taenite, kamacite
Source: Emiliani (1990) Planet Earth
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Source of Meteorites
• Achondrites - from Mars & Moon• Chondrites - stuff terrestrial planets are made
of• Irons - Core of the earth• Stony Irons - CMB
• The oldest meteorites are 4.5 billion years old
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Achondrite
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Iron Meteorite
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Martian Meteorite
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Chondrule
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Olivine chondrule
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Pyroxene chondrule
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Composition of C chondrites
• The average Carbonaceous Chondrite Weight%
• Carbon 2.0• Metals 1.8• Nitrogen 0.2• Silicates 83.0• Water 1- 9.0
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Pb-isotope isochron for the age of the earth
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Earth as a Bar Magnet
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Pol
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Cor
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Cor
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/dz
Depth (km)
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Some Statistics…..
• OF ALL THE METEORITES THAT FALL ON EARTH:– 86% are Chondrites– 7.1% are Achondrites– 5.7% are Irons– And 1.5% are Stony Irons