Download - STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI - SENDI
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STRUKTUR & FISIOLOGI SENDIDisediakan oleh:Nassruto
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Objektif am:- Memahami struktur & fisiologi sendi
Objektif khusus:- Menyatakan definisi sendi- Menghuraikan klasifikasi sendi- Menghuraikan jenis-jenis sendi- Menerangkan fungsi mekanikal sendi skeletal- Melabelkan kedudukan sendi pada tubuh
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Pengenalan
- Arthrosis- Definisi sendi: tempat pertemuan (articulate) dua
atau lebih tulang.- Utk fleksibiliti, pergerakan, perlekatan antara sendi &
sokongan mekanikal- Sendi diklasifikasi berdasarkan:
- ciri-ciri anatomi & fungsinya- jenis pergerakan
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Klasifikasi Sendi
i. Sendi Berserat (Fibrous joint)ii. Sendi Berawan (Cartilaginous joint)iii. Sendi Sinovial (Synovial joint)
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i. Sendi Berserat (Fibrous)- mempunyai tisu penghubung berserat (fibrous) di antara pertemuan tulang- byk kolagen fiber- Tiada pergerakan- Contoh sendi:
- Suture (sendi antara tulang kranium)- Gomphosis (antara akar gigi & mandibel oleh
periodontal ligament)- Syndesmosis (interosseous membran sepanjang
shaft tibia & fibula yg berkedudukan selari)
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• Fungsi:- Membentuk cantuman yg kuat - Tiada pergerakan atau pergerakan yg sedikit
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Suture
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Gomphosis
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SyndesmosisSyndesmosis
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ii. Sendi Berawan (Cartilaginous)- mempunyai rawan di antara pertemuan tulang.- eg rawan hyaline @ fibrocartilage sbg penyerap hentakan (shock)- Contoh sendi:
- Synchondrosis (epiphyseal plate)- Symphysis (pubic symphysis & intervetebral disk)
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• Fungsi:- Pergerakan yg sedikit- Pergerakan yg terkawal- Penyerap hentakan (shock)
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SynchondrosisSynchondrosis (Epiphyseal plate)
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Intervertebral disk
pubicSymphysis
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iii. Sendi sinovial (synovial)- Mempunyai ruang (kaviti sinovial) di antara pertemuan tulang yg mengandungi cecair sinovial
- Utk pergerakan bebas- Ciri-ciri sendi sinovial:
- Rawan artikular- Kapsul ligament- Membran sinovial- Cecair sinovial
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Sendi sinovial
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- Rawan artikular: Melapisi pd tulang-tulang pd sendi sinovial > permukaan yg licin, menyerap tekanan (shock), kurangkan geseran semasa pergerakan & menyokong berat bdn
- Kapsul ligament: Memegang tulang pd sendi & melapisinya > pergerakan bebas
- Membran sinovial: merembeskan cecair sinovial- Cecair sinovial: sbg pelincir sendi, bekal nutrien, remove bahan
buangan metabolik sendi & mikrob
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- Membenarkan pergerakan:i. Monoaxial (siku, lutut)ii. Biaxial (pergelangan tangan)iii. Triaxial (bahu, pinggul)
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Jenis-jenis Pergerakan
a. Angular movementb. Rotational movementc. Special movement
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a. Pergerakan angular (Angular)- Flexi (Flexion) & Ekstensi (Extension)- Abduksi (Abduction) & Adduksi (Adduction)- Sirkumduksi (Circumduction)
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Flexi (Flexion) & Ekstensi (Extension)- Flexi; Sudut antara pertemuan tulang berkurangan- Ekstensi: Sudut antara pertemuan tulang bertambah
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Abduksi (Abduction) & Adduksi (Adduction)- Abduksi: pergerakan yg menjauhi midline- Adduksi: pergerakan yg mendekati midline
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Sirkumduksi (Circumduction)- Pergerakan membentuk satu bulatan pd bahagian distal tubuh
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a. Pergerakan Rotasi (Rotational)- Rotasi Lateral & Rotasi Medial
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Rotasi Lateral & Rotasi Medial- Rotasi Medial: permukaan anterior tulang mendekati midline- Rotasi Lateral: permukaan anterior tulang menjauhi midline
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Pergerakan Khas (special movement)- Supination & Pronation- Inversion & Eversion
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Supination & Pronation
- Supination: Pergerakan proksimal forearm & distal sendi radioulnar yg memusingkan tapak tangan ke anterior
- Pronation: Pergerakan proksimal forearm & distal sendi radioulnar yg memusingkan tapak tangan ke posterior
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Inversion & Eversion- Inversion: Pergerakan sendi intertarsal pd tapak kaki ke medial- Eversion: Pergerakan sendi intertarsal pd tapak kaki ke lateral
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Jenis-jenis Sendi
- Dikelaskan mengikut pergerakan & bentuk pertemuan tulang
- Jenis-jenis sendi:- Lesung (Ball & Socket)- Gelungsur (Gliding joint)- Engsel (Hinge)- Paksi (Pivot)- Condyloid- Pelana (Saddle)
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Sendi Lesung (Ball & Socket)- Satu tulang pd bahagian kepala (head) bentuk bola (ball
shaped) bersambungan dgn tulang bentuk soket (cup shaped)
- Pergerakan triaxial: (fleksi, ekstensi, abduksi, rotasi & circumduction) - Contoh:
- Sendi pinggul- Sendi bahu
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Sendi bahu
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Sendi Gelungsur (Gliding Joint)- Permukaan tulang yg leper bergelungsur antara satu
sama lain- Pergerakan:Pelbagai arah & terhad- contoh:• Carpals• Tarsals• Sternoclavicular• Akromioklavikular
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Sendi Engsel (Hinge)- Satu permukaan tulang bentuk convex bersambungan
dgn permukaan tulang bentuk convex - Seperti engsel pintu- Pergerakan monoaxial (fleksi, ekstensi) - Contoh:
Siku Lutut ankle Sendi phalange
Ulna
Humerus
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Sendi Paksi/engsut (Pivot)- Satu permukaan tulang bentuk bulat (round)
bersambungan dgn tulang & ligament yg membentuk spt ring
- Pergerakan monoaxial: (rotasi) - Contoh:
- Sendi radioulna(radius-ulna)- Sendi atlantoaxial(cuaran odontoid axis-atlas)
Axis
Atlas
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Sendi Condyloid- Satu unjuran (projection) tulang bentuk cembung
bersambungan dgn tulang depress bentuk cembung Pergerakan biaxial:
(fleksi, ekstensi,Abduksi, adduksi,Circumduction)- Contoh:
Pergelangan tangan Metakarpophalangeal Metatarsophalangeal Temporamandibular
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Metakarpophalangeal jointMetakarpophalangeal joint
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Pergelangan tangan
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Sendi Pelana (Saddle)- Satu permukaan tulang bentuk saddle (saddle shaped) &
satu tulang lagi dimuatkan pd tulang tersebut - Pergerakan biaxial:(fleksi, ekstensi,abduksi, adduksi,circumduction)
- apposition of thumb
- Contoh: Carpometacarpal(trapezium carpal & Metacarpal of thumb)
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Fungsi Mekanikal Sendi
- Pergerakan & sokongan mekanikal- Sendi berserat membentuk cantuman yg kuat antara tulang - Sendi berawan membenarkan pergerakan yg terkawal pd sendi
& menyerap hentakan- Sendi sinovial membenarkan pergerakan dalam pelbagai arah- Pembesaran/Pembentukan tulang bg tulang panjang
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