Download - Structural Relations
![Page 1: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Structural RelationsThe mathematical properties of phrase structure trees
![Page 2: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Important!
![Page 3: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Important!
Even if you have trouble with the formal definitions, try to understand the INTUITIVE idea behind them. Don’t get lost in the details of the formalism.
![Page 4: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Structural Relations
Structural relations: the formal relationships between items of a tree
Why should we care? We want to be able to talk about specific relationships in terms of structures.
Structural relations are actually very simple! Don’t let the formalism scare you!
![Page 5: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
![Page 6: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Branches
![Page 7: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Labels: M,N,O,D,E,F,G,H,J
Branches
![Page 8: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Labels: M,N,O,D,E,F,G,H,JNode: Any point with a label
Branches
![Page 9: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Labels: M,N,O,D,E,F,G,H,JNode: Any point with a label
Branches
Root node
![Page 10: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Labels: M,N,O,D,E,F,G,H,JNode: Any point with a label
Branches Non-terminal nodes
Root node
![Page 11: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some basic termsM
N O
D E F G H J
Labels: M,N,O,D,E,F,G,H,JNode: Any point with a label
Branches
Terminal nodes
Non-terminal nodes
Root node
![Page 12: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Domination
![Page 13: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
DominationIntuitively: this is containment. If a node contains another, then it dominates it:
![Page 14: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
DominationIntuitively: this is containment. If a node contains another, then it dominates it:
A
B C D
E F G
![Page 15: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
DominationIntuitively: this is containment. If a node contains another, then it dominates it:
A
B C D
E F G
A dominates B,C,D,E,F,G
D dominates E,F,G
![Page 16: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
DominationIntuitively: this is containment. If a node contains another, then it dominates it:
A
B C D
E F G
A dominates B,C,D,E,F,G
D dominates E,F,G
[A B C [D E F G]]
contained inside [A ]
![Page 17: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
DominationIntuitively: this is containment. If a node contains another, then it dominates it:
A
B C D
E F G
A dominates B,C,D,E,F,G
D dominates E,F,G
[A B C [D E F G]]
contained inside [A ]
Another way to think of it: “on top of”
![Page 18: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Domination
![Page 19: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Domination
A slightly more formal definition:
Domination: Node A dominates node B if and only if A is higher up in the tree than B and if you can trace a line from A to B going only downwards.
![Page 20: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate Domination
![Page 21: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate DominationNode A immediately dominates node B if there is no intervening node G which is dominated by A, but dominates B. (in other words, A is the first node that dominates B)
![Page 22: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate DominationNode A immediately dominates node B if there is no intervening node G which is dominated by A, but dominates B. (in other words, A is the first node that dominates B)
A
B C D
E F G
![Page 23: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate DominationNode A immediately dominates node B if there is no intervening node G which is dominated by A, but dominates B. (in other words, A is the first node that dominates B)
A
B C D
E F GA dominates B,C,D,E,F,G
but A immediately dominates only B,C,D
![Page 24: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Exhaustive Domination
Node A exhaustively dominates a SET of TERMINAL nodes {B,C,…,D},
provided it dominates all the members of the set (so that there is no member of the set that is not dominated by A)
AND there is no terminal node G dominated by A that is not a member of the set.
![Page 25: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Exhaustive Domination
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 26: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Exhaustive Domination
A exhaustively dominates the set {B,C,D,E}
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 27: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Exhaustive Domination
A exhaustively dominates the set {B,C,D,E}
A G
B C D E H I
F
A does NOT exhaustively dominate the set {B,C,D}
![Page 28: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Exhaustive Domination
A exhaustively dominates the set {B,C,D,E}
A G
B C D E H I
F
A does NOT exhaustively dominate the set {B,C,D}A does NOT exhaustively dominate the set {B,C,D,E,H}
![Page 29: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituency
![Page 30: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
![Page 31: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 32: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 33: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 34: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
A G
B C D E H I
F
![Page 35: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
A formal definition of constituencyConstituent: The set of nodes exhaustively dominated by a single node
A G
B C D E H I
F {E, H} are NOT a constituent
![Page 36: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Constituent vs Constituent of
![Page 37: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Constituent vs Constituent of
Constituent of does NOT mean the same thing as constituent.
![Page 38: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Constituent vs Constituent of
Constituent of does NOT mean the same thing as constituent.
Essentially ‘constituent of’ is the opposite of domination.
![Page 39: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Constituent vs Constituent of
Constituent of does NOT mean the same thing as constituent.
Essentially ‘constituent of’ is the opposite of domination.
A dominates B, then we say B is a constituent of A.
![Page 40: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Constituent vs Constituent of
Constituent of does NOT mean the same thing as constituent.
Essentially ‘constituent of’ is the opposite of domination.
A dominates B, then we say B is a constituent of A.
immediate constituent of is the opposite of immediate domination.
![Page 41: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some Informal Terms
![Page 42: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some Informal Terms
Mother: the node that immediately dominates another.
![Page 43: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some Informal Terms
Mother: the node that immediately dominates another.
Daughter: the node that is immediately dominated by another (is an immediate constituent of another).
![Page 44: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Some Informal Terms
Mother: the node that immediately dominates another.
Daughter: the node that is immediately dominated by another (is an immediate constituent of another).
Sisters: two nodes that share the same mother.
![Page 45: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal Nodes
![Page 46: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal NodesRoot node: A node with no mother
![Page 47: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal NodesRoot node: A node with no mother
Terminal node: A node with no daughters
![Page 48: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal NodesRoot node: A node with no mother
Terminal node: A node with no daughters
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe platypus laughed
![Page 49: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal NodesRoot node: A node with no mother
Terminal node: A node with no daughters
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe platypus laughed
Root Node
![Page 50: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Root and Terminal NodesRoot node: A node with no mother
Terminal node: A node with no daughters
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe platypus laughed
Root Node
Terminal Nodes
![Page 51: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence
![Page 52: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence
Precedence: Node A precedes node B if A is to the left of B. (informal definition)
![Page 53: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence
Precedence: Node A precedes node B if A is to the left of B. (informal definition)
But this runs into problems with trees which are badly drawn
![Page 54: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence excludes domination
![Page 55: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Note that if two nodes are in a domination relation they cannot be in a precedence relation
Precedence excludes domination
![Page 56: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Note that if two nodes are in a domination relation they cannot be in a precedence relation
Precedence excludes domination
![Page 57: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Note that if two nodes are in a domination relation they cannot be in a precedence relation
Is the ball to the left or right of the box?
Precedence excludes domination
![Page 58: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Note that if two nodes are in a domination relation they cannot be in a precedence relation
Is the ball to the left or right of the box?Neither! You can’t precede or follow something that
dominates (contains) you or you dominate (contain).
Precedence excludes domination
![Page 59: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence
![Page 60: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Consider this poorly drawn tree
Precedence
![Page 61: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Consider this poorly drawn tree
TPNP VP
D Nthe clown
Vkissed
NP
D Nthe donkey
Precedence
![Page 62: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Consider this poorly drawn tree
TPNP VP
D Nthe clown
Vkissed
NP
D Nthe donkey
Does kiss precede clown? Obviously not!
Precedence
![Page 63: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Consider this poorly drawn tree
TPNP VP
D Nthe clown
Vkissed
NP
D Nthe donkey
Does kiss precede clown? Obviously not!
What is crucial here is that the dominator of clown precedes the dominator of kissed
Precedence
![Page 64: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence
In order to define precedence we’re going to need a more local relation that refers to dominance. This is sister-precedence:
A sister-precedes B if and only if A and B are immediately dominated by the same nodeA appears to the left of B
![Page 65: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
![Page 66: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
NP sister-precedes VP
![Page 67: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
NP sister-precedes VPD sister precedes N
![Page 68: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
NP sister-precedes VPD sister precedes NN does NOT sister precede V (nor does D)
![Page 69: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Precedence
A Precedes B if and only iff
A does not dominate B and B does not dominate A AND
Either:A sister-precedes B ORThere is some node E that dominates A, and some node F that dominates B, and E sister-precedes F.
![Page 70: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Sister-Precedence ≠ Immediate Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
But N does immediately precede V
![Page 71: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Sister-Precedence ≠ Immediate Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
N does NOT sister-precede V
But N does immediately precede V
![Page 72: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
No Crossing Branches ConstraintIf one node X precedes another node Y then X and all nodes dominated by X must precede Y and all nodes dominated by Y.
M
N O
P R Q S
![Page 73: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
No Crossing Branches ConstraintIf one node X precedes another node Y then X and all nodes dominated by X must precede Y and all nodes dominated by Y.
M
N O
P R Q S
![Page 74: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate PrecedenceImmediate Precedence:
A immediately precedes B if there is no node G which follows A but precedes B.
![Page 75: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate PrecedenceImmediate Precedence:
A immediately precedes B if there is no node G which follows A but precedes B.
A B G
![Page 76: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Immediate PrecedenceImmediate Precedence:
A immediately precedes B if there is no node G which follows A but precedes B.
A B G
A G B
![Page 77: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence ≠ Immediate Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
But N does immediately precede V
![Page 78: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Sister-Precedence ≠ Immediate Precedence
TP
NP VP
D N Vthe man left
N does NOT sister-precede V
But N does immediately precede V
![Page 79: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-command
![Page 80: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandIntuitively: The relationship between a node and its sister, and all the daughters of its sister
![Page 81: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandIntuitively: The relationship between a node and its sister, and all the daughters of its sister
M
A C
D E F
G H
![Page 82: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandIntuitively: The relationship between a node and its sister, and all the daughters of its sister
M
A C
D E F
G H
A c-commands C,D,E,F,G,H
![Page 83: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandIntuitively: The relationship between a node and its sister, and all the daughters of its sister
M
A C
D E F
G H
A c-commands C,D,E,F,G,H
Note: D does NOT c–command A
![Page 84: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandNode A c-commands node B if
every node dominating A also dominates B,
and A does not itself dominate B.
![Page 85: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandNode A c-commands node B if
every node dominating A also dominates B,
and A does not itself dominate B.
Sisterhood
![Page 86: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
C-commandNode A c-commands node B if
every node dominating A also dominates B,
and A does not itself dominate B.
Sisterhood
you can’t command something you dominate
![Page 87: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-command
![Page 88: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
![Page 89: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
SAME THING AS SISTERHOOD
![Page 90: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
SAME THING AS SISTERHOODM
A B
D E F
G H
![Page 91: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
SAME THING AS SISTERHOODM
A B
D E F
G H
A & B symmetrically c-command one another
![Page 92: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
SAME THING AS SISTERHOODM
A B
D E F
G H
A & B symmetrically c-command one another
![Page 93: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Symmetric C-commandA symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B AND B c-commands A
SAME THING AS SISTERHOODM
A B
D E F
G H
A & B symmetrically c-command one anotherA does NOT symmetrically c-command D
![Page 94: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Asymmetric C-command
A asymmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B but B does NOT c-command A.
(intuitively -- A is B’s aunt)
![Page 95: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Asymmetric C-command
A asymmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B but B does NOT c-command A.
(intuitively -- A is B’s aunt)
B E F
G H
M
A C
![Page 96: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Asymmetric C-command
A asymmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B but B does NOT c-command A.
(intuitively -- A is B’s aunt)
B E F
G H
M
A C
![Page 97: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Subject: NP/CP daughter of TP
Object of a Preposition: NP daughter of PP
Direct Object:With verbs of type V[NP__NP], V[NP__ CP] and V[NP__ NP PP], the NP or CP daughter of VPWith verbs of type V[NP __ NP {NP/CP}], an NP or CP daughter of VP that is preceded by another NP daughter of VP. (i.e., the second NP daughter of VP)
![Page 98: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Indirect Object: This is the 1st object indicating the goal of a verb of transfer (a ditransitive) or the PP of the same kind of verb:
With verbs of type V[NP__ NP PP], the PP daughter of VP immediately preceded by an NP daughter of VP. With verbs of type V[NP __ NP {NP/CP}], the NP daughter of VP immediately preceded by V (i.e. the first NP daughter of VP)
Oblique: any other NP/PP in the sentence.
![Page 99: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
![Page 100: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
![Page 101: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Subject
![Page 102: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Subject
Object
![Page 103: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Subject
ObjectPP
NP
N
P
![Page 104: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Subject
ObjectPP
NP
N
P
Object of a Preposition
![Page 105: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
![Page 106: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
I gave Adam the book
![Page 107: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical RelationsTP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
I gave Adam the book
![Page 108: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
I gave Adam the book
![Page 109: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
Indirect Object
I gave Adam the book
![Page 110: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
Indirect Object
I gave Adam the book I gave the book to Adam
![Page 111: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
Indirect Object
I gave Adam the book I gave the book to Adam
PP
NP
N
P
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
![Page 112: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
Indirect Object
I gave Adam the book I gave the book to Adam
PP
NP
N
P
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Direct Object
![Page 113: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Grammatical Relations
Direct Object
Indirect Object
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
NP
N
Indirect Object
I gave Adam the book I gave the book to Adam
PP
NP
N
P
TP
NP
NP
VP
N V
N
Direct Object
![Page 114: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Summary
Structural Relations: relationships between nodes.
Dominance (=containment)immediate dominance (=motherhood)exhaustive dominance (=constituent)
Precedence (≃to the left)immediate precedence (=adjacent & to the left)
![Page 115: Structural Relations](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052607/589d9a431a28aba4498bc957/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
©Andrew Carnie, 2006
Summary
C-command: sisters & niecesSymmetric C-command: sisters
Asymmetric C-command: Aunt asymmetrically c-commands nieces
Grammatical Relations: Subject, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of a Preposition.