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Structural Dynamic Behaviour
of Tyres
Paul Sas
Noise & Vibration Engineering Research Group
KU.Leuven,
Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Div. PMA
XIX CNIM 15-16/11 Castellón
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Road traffic noise
• Vehicle noise:
drive train noise
(engine, intake, exhaust, transmission)
aerodynamic noise
tyre/road noise
J-F Hamet, INRETS
Tyre/road noise dominates
at constant speeds above
15-25 km/h
XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Tyre/road noise legislation
• Directive 2001/43/EC
(80 km/h coast-by on ISO10844 road surface)
1) expected to come into force in 2012
2) more realistic reference road surface
70
71
71
72
74
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Crossing a road surface discontinuity
• Tyre/road noise EXTERIOR to the vehicle:
- significant increase of instantaneous noise emission level
- transient noise is perceived as highly annoying
- demand for more quiet tyres and road surfaces in urban areas
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Relevance of tire dynamics
• Interior vehicle noise (NVH):
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The pneumatic tyre
Typical passenger car tyre contains:
• 13 different types of rubber compounds
• 8 types of fillers (carbon black, silica)
• reinforcement: steel cords, polyester, nylon, rayon
• 40 different kinds of chemicals
approximately 500
different
specifications
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Tyre/road noise – VIBRATIONAL phenomena
Tread element impact
Road texture impact
Running deflections
Stick-slip adhesion Stick-snap adhesion XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Tyre/road noise – AERODYNAMICAL phenomena
Air turbulence Air pumping
Pipe resonances
Helmholtz resonator Horn amplification
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Tyre/road noise
structure-borne tyre/road noise
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Tyre dynamics
bending waves
longitudinal waves
rotational waves
wave number
wavelength
Resonance condition:
or
DISPERSION
CURVES XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Experimental modal analysis
• Experimental analysis of the dynamic behaviour of a non-rolling
tyre.
High modal density (2 modes/Hz)
High damping of structural waves.
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Unloaded tyre
225.75 Hz; 0.25% 445.08 Hz; 0.64% XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Unloaded tyre
• Tyre damping proportional viscous damping
A more complex damping model is required.
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Loaded tyre
unloaded
loaded
226 Hz
219 Hz
227 Hz
Double poles of unloaded tyre split up due to non-
axisymmetry of loaded tyre.
(3,0) extr: 156 Hz
(3,0): 142 Hz
unloaded
loaded
(3,0) 0: 143 Hz
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Tyre-on-tyre test setup
• 2 identical tyres
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Tyre-on-tyre test setup
mirror
rigid mirror
support
grid
angle:
10°
single point LDV
Measurements relative to FIXED
REFERENCE FRAME XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Test Methods: Drum Tests
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Dynamic spindle forces
• 5 mm semi-circular cleat; 28 km/h; 2.2 bar
2 acoustic
resonances
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Rolling tyre vibrations
time-averaged
vibration signal
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Operational Modal Analysis
• Excitation force of rolling tyre is difficult to measure.
• Output-only method Polymax method applied to auto- and
cross-power spectral density functions
• maintain phase relation between different response
measurements:
time reference
(synchronization relative to
excitation)
Fz
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Operational Modal Analysis
• Measurement geometry
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Rolling tyre modal parameters (26.2rad/s)
modes relative to FIXED ref. system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rolling tyre modal parameters (26.2rad/s)
modes relative to FIXED ref. system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rolling tyre modal parameters (26.2rad/s)
modes relative to FIXED ref. system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rotating flexible ring
co-rotating ref. system
fixed ref. system
Equations of motion:
Coriolis acceleration
terms
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Rotating ring in co-rotating ref. system
natural frequencies
(n = circumferential mode number)
mode shapes
backward
travelling
wave
forward
travelling
wave
BIFURCATION effect XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rotating ring in fixed ref. system
mode shapes
DOPPLER shift
backward
travelling
wave
forward
travelling
wave
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Rolling tyre modal parameters
• ANALYTICAL ROTATING RING: a forward and backward travelling
wave cannot interfere at a single natural frequency to form a
standing wave pattern
- at resonance: travelling wave deformation pattern
• EXPERIMENT: standing wave patterns with respect to the fixed
reference frame
- Influence of:
damping
disturbed geometrical symmetry
on rolling tyre dynamic behaviour is not yet fully understood.
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Influence of damping on dispersion curve
standing wave
resonance
pattern
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Influence of rolling speed
drop in resonance
frequency as the tyre
starts to roll
(n,0) modes: -10.8 %
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Initial drop in resonance frequencies
• Drop in resonance frequencies as the tyre starts to roll:
1) Mullins effect
2) Payne effect
3) Change in contact
pressure distribution
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Acoustic response
• Sound intensity distribution at
the structural resonances
• Treadband causes main
structure-borne noise
radiation below 300 Hz
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Acoustic response
• Exterior noise (47km/h), cleat 20x10mm
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Acoustic response
• Interior noise (47km/h), cleat 20x10mm
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Tyre dynamic transfer stiffness
• Important characteristic for structure-borne interior tyre/road
noise.
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Tyre dynamic transfer stifness
• 205/55R16 tire without tread pattern; steel wheel
• dynamic stiffness of a tire that is rigidly clamped at the spindle
• ground vibration isolation: seismic mass (1250 kg) supported by four soft
air springs (4 x100 kN/m)
spindle can be considered as rigidly clamped in the
frequency range of interest
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Test setup layout
• CUBE 6-DOF hydraulic shaker table provides:
static preload (285 kg)
purely uniaxial dynamic random excitation at the tire contact patch
• motion of the hydraulic shaker table is monitored and controlled through a
Time Waveform Replication (TWR) algorithm
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Operational excitation levels
• measurement of the dynamic transfer stiffness is performed in 3
frequency bands
• higher excitation levels can be obtained in the individual frequency bands
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Measured dynamic transfer stiffness
Fz
z
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Validation
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Questions ?
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Rolling tyre Modal Parameters (15.7 rad/s)
FIXED reference system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rolling tyre Modal Parameters (15.7 rad/s)
FIXED reference system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rolling tyre Modal Parameters (15.7 rad/s)
FIXED reference system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon
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Rolling tyre Modal Parameters (15.7 rad/s)
FIXED reference system XIX CNIM 15-16/11/2012 Castellon