Download - Strategies for spelling?
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Strategies for spelling?• What strategies do you use to spell
words?• Do these strategies work - sometimes- all the time- never?• What do you think you can do to be
be a better speller?
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Best Practice in SpellingMethodologies which
effectively help us to be accurate spellers :
Phonemic spelling ‘Whole Word’ approach (Visual)Morphemic spelling
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Spelling should be explicitly taught because:
• The English language DOES conform to predictable patterns
• These patterns can be learnt
Collins, 1983Dixon, 1991Graham, 1999Dixon and Engelmann, 2002
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1. Phonemic Spelling• Understanding the
relationship between letters and their corresponding sounds is an important skill for successful reading and spelling performance.
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• We have less difficulty spelling words that are based on predictable letter-sound relationships.
• About 87% of our language has predictable letter-sound patterns
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example• the word hat has three sounds: /h/, /a/, and /t/ • It can be correctly spelled using the
three letters (h, a, and t) that correspond with each of those
sounds.
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The Dyslexic SpellerDisadvantage• The area of the brain that is used to
connect the sounds to letters is normally a weak area in people with dyslexia.
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The Dyslexic SpellerAdvantageThe brain can be rewired to work with
these sounds (even in adults).
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Rewiring is achieved with - • Systematic phonics instruction
boosts the spelling skills(National Reading Panel, UK, 2000)• practice (research shows to form a
neural pathway a word, sound, pattern must be reviewed over 20 times)
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2. Whole Word Approach
Not all words in the English language can be spelled correctly using letter-sound correspondence.
About 13% of words do not follow the letter- sound patterns
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Irregularly spelled words• Examples of irregular words include
the words yacht, straight, and friend• These words cannot be spelled
correctly by applying a regular phonics approach.
• To learn irregularly spelled words, different strategies are required.
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Advantages:
• Whole Word approach works well with words which do not conform to a regular spelling pattern.
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Disadvantages:• Memorisation is not the most
efficient strategy for spelling instruction.
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• In a typical ‘Whole Word’ program, groupings of words are based on some similarity –Similar sound patterns sounds like th- or –and words–Word lists for a particular topic eg
work related words, course words.
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Strategy for learning whole word spelling - the Look-say-cover-write method.
• First, a student looks at a word. • Then, while touching each letter of the
word, the student spells the word. • Next, the student covers the word so it is
no longer visible.• The word is then written on a separate
piece of paper. • Finally, the student uncovers the correctly
spelled word and checks to see if he or she has copied it down correctly.
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• The English language contains words with both regular and irregular spellings.
• Both the phonemic and whole-word approaches are required to teach regularly or irregularly spelled words.
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3. Morphemic Approach• A morphograph is the smallest
unit of identifiable meaning in written English.
• Morphographs include prefixes, suffixes, and bases or roots.
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• Recognising different morphographs can help to create many words in the written English language.
• For example, the word recovered is made up of the prefix re, the base cover, and the suffix ed.
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• Learn the basic rules applied when adding a suffix to the end of a word.
• Eg try – tried• stop – stopped• wave - waved
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Advantages.
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First• Morphographs are generally
spelled the same across different words.
• For example, the morphograph port is spelled the same in the words porter, deport, and important.
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Second• When the spelling of a morphograph
changes across words, it does so in predictable ways.
• The morphograph trace is spelled differently in the words trace and tracing, but the change is governed by the rule for dropping the final e.
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Third• The number of morphographs is far
fewer than the number of words in the written English language
and • the number of principles for
combining morphographs is relatively small.
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Therefore: Learning to spell morphographs
and the rules for combining morphographs will allow students to spell a far larger set of words accurately than by learning individual words through rote memorisation of spelling lists.
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• In summary, phonemic, whole-word, and morphemic approaches are useful for teaching the wide variety of word types in the English language.
• Together these approaches represent a comprehensive set of strategies for learning how to be an accurate speller.
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Whole wordsCommon words,Difficult words,
homonyms
MorphemesPrefixes, suffixes
Root wordsSpelling rules
Auditory -phonicssyllablessounds