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Steven ManlyUniv. of Rochester
REU seminarJune 19, 2008
Intro to High-energy Physics
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The intimate relationship between the very big and the
very small
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Places to learn more:Particle and nuclear physics links
http://pdg.lbl.gov
http://particleadventure.org
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.html
http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html
http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/
http://www.fnal.gov/
http://www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.html
http://www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm
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Inquiring minds want to know ...Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?Yo! What holds it together?
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Fermi National Accelerator Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near Chicago)Laboratory (near Chicago)
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CDFCDF MinosMinos
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Stanford Linear Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterAccelerator Center
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Event display from the SLD Event display from the SLD experiment at SLACexperiment at SLAC
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What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
How do they interact?
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Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101 Mini-Ph.D. – Quantum Mechanics 101
Lesson 1:Lesson 1:
Size actually does matter.Size actually does matter.
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Determine the postion and velocity of a car … no problem
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Determine the postion and velocity of a small particle … no problem
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Problem!
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
Cannot have perfect
knowledge of both the position
and velocity
Heisenberg
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Dear Steve,
Party
relatively hard!
-Al
The fundamental nature of forces: virtual particlesThe fundamental nature of forces: virtual particles
Et h Heisenberg E = mc2 Einstein
e-
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Same mass - Opposite electric charge and magnetic moment
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Much ado about NOTHING:Much ado about NOTHING:
Nothing is somethingNothing is something
Nothing has energy Nothing has energy
Nothing interacts with somethingNothing interacts with something
-R. Kolb
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Strong color fieldEnergy grows with separation !!!E=mc2 !“white” proton
quark
quark-antiquark paircreated from vacuum
“white” proton(confined quarks)
“white” 0
(confined quarks)
Quantum Chromodynamics Quantum Chromodynamics QCDQCD
distance
energy density, temperature
rel
ativ
e st
ren
gth
asymptotic freedomWhy bare quarks Why bare quarks have never been have never been
observed.observed.
Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this animation
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quarks leptonsGauge bosons
u c t
d s b
e
e
W, Z, g, Gg
Hadrons
Baryons qqq qq mesons
p = uud
n = udd
K = us or us
= ud or ud
Strong interaction
nuclei
e
atomsElectromagnetic
interaction
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UR’s own Prof. Hagen
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Stanford Linear Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterAccelerator Center
In the 1990’s physicists studied the W and Z in minute detail in experiments at SLAC (SLC) and CERN (LEP)
The Standard Model passed with flying colors.
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On to the very big …
1 Mpc= 1 Megaparsec = 3x1022 m
1 light year = 9x1015 m
Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years
Telescopes are Telescopes are time machinestime machines
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Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovers a surprise in 1929
Galaxies that are further away appear redder
Doppler shift-From webphysics.davidson.edu
http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/more_stuff/flashlets/doppler.htm Or check out
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Type Ia SNe from Riess, Press and Kirshner (1996)
Welcome to the “expanding universe”!!
extrapolate back in time find the age of the universe 13 billion
years.
Light travels from NYC to San Francisco in 1/100 second …. and it travels 1 Mpc in 3 million years
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BANG!
TIME
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Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental particles
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At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and neutrons form
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At 3 minutes, light nuclei form
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At ~300,000 years, t = 3000 degrees, atoms form and light streams freely
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t=~13 billion years, Brittney Spears shaves her head
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Modern accelerators study processes at energies that existed VERY early in the universe
Another form of time travel !
What were forces like at those temperatures?
What types of particles existed?
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Think of the universe as more like a butt than a zit …
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Cosmic Microwave Background
Penzias and Wilson - 1964
Uniform and isotropic
– in as far as they could measure
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Very exciting development in last decade
Observed fluctuations in the CMB temp
WMap data on the temperature fluctuations in the CMB
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We seem to be missing most of the mass in the universe!
-P. Cushman
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“Power spectrum” (size) of temperature fluctuations sensitive to different matter/energy components of the
universe
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What is the nature of dark matter?What is the nature of dark matter?
What is the nature of dark energy?What is the nature of dark energy?
What does what the Higgs does in the Standard Model?What does what the Higgs does in the Standard Model?
Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist? Do we know about all of the fundamental particles that exist?
Why 3 families?Why 3 families?
Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?Why is the mass spectrum of fundamental particles as it is?
Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?Why is the universe matter instead of antimatter?
Many, many missing pieces …Many, many missing pieces …
Recent progress! But, as usual in science, we have new puzzles …
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Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Videos from ATLAS Collaboration website
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SuperNova Acceleration Probe
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We live in exciting times!