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Disclosures - 1
• AstraZeneca
• Boehringer Ingelheim
• Bristol-Myers Squibb
• Hoffmann-LaRoche
• Merck Frosst
• Pfizer
• sanofi-aventis
• Servier
I have given CME lectures and served
on advisory boards for
The QEII Acute Stroke Program has
received support from
GlaxoWellcome, Hoffmann-La Roche,
Merck Frosst, sanofi-aventis, Servier, Bayer
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Disclosures - 2
• I was Canadian coordinator for the third
International Stroke Trial of t-PA (IST-3)
• I am a Clinical Advisor for Cardiovascular
Health Nova Scotia (CVHNS)
• I was inaugural co-chair of the Best
Practices & Standards Advisory Committee
of the Canadian Stroke Strategy
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A broad spectrum treatment
IV t-PA works for
– mild, moderate, and severe strokes
– men and women
Stroke Thrombolysis Trialists’ Collaborative Group, 2014 & 2018
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Treatment and outcomeBenefit
N / 1000 treated
IV tPA within 3 h of stroke^
- alive & independent months later 90
^Emberson J, et al. Lancet. 2014; 384: 1929-35
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Treatment and outcomeBenefit
N / 1000 treated
IV tPA within 3 h of stroke^
- alive & independent months later 90
IV tPA within 6 h of stroke^
- alive & independent months later 42
^Emberson J, et al. Lancet. 2014; 384: 1929-35
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Treatment and outcomeBenefit
N / 1000 treated
IV tPA within 3 h of stroke^
- alive & independent months later 90
IV tPA within 6 h of stroke^
- alive & independent months later 42
IV thrombolysis within 6 h of AMI*
- alive 35 days later30
^Emberson J, et al. Lancet. 2014; 384: 1929-35
*Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1994; 343: 311-22
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Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1.0
Treatment delay (h)1.0 2.0 3.0 4.5
3.0
6.5
1.4
1.8
2.6
2.2
Effect of timing of IV t-PA
on good outcome (mRS 0-1)
Emberson, et al. Lancet 2014; 384: 1929-35
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74 year-old woman
• 10:00 h sudden left arm weakness & slurred speech
• One month earlier had transient left leg weakness &
found to be in AF. Declined anticoagulant therapy
• Cognitively intact & functionally independent (CIFI)
• T+33 mins 911
• Pre-hospital Acute Stroke Protocol activation
• T+46 mins triaged into ED
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74 year-old woman
• BP 190/100; AF on ECG
• Alert
• Dysarthric
• Visual fields full
• Left facial droop, arm paralyzed, leg drift
• No sensory loss or neglect
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Diagnosis
• Localization:
• Syndrome:
• Severity:
• Mechanism:
• Prognosis:
Anterior right hemisphere
Partial MCA
Moderate (NIHSS=8)
Probable cardiogenic embolism
45% probability of death or
dependency at 1 year
Probable ischemic stroke
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Multimodal CT imaging at T+90 mins
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Andrew Demchuk, et al. Calgary Stroke Program
Stroke 2016; 47: 273-81
CT/CTA Head & Neck New Minimum Standard in Acute Stroke
• Accessibility
• Rapid acquisition
• Low risk
– low radiation exposure
– contrast–induced nephropathy 3%
– allergic reaction 1/10,000
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Andrew Demchuk, et al. Calgary Stroke Program
Stroke 2016; 47: 273-81
Stroke type
TIA
AIS
ICH
Information acquired
cervical carotid stenosis
intracranial occlusion detection
collateral assessment
patho-anatomy of aortic arch
aneurysm & AVM detection
CT/CTA Head & Neck New Minimum Standard in Acute Stroke
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5.1 Selection for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Treatments
Patients within 6 hours should immediately undergo NCCT
head + CTA head & neck to be considered for treatment.
[Evidence Level A]
Update 2018
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Multimodal CT imaging at T+90 mins
Non-contrast CT head
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Time-to-Peak
Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebral Blood Volume
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• Labetalol 10 mg IV x2 → BP 170/90
• PLT 250, INR 1.0
• Consent discussion; 7-10% bleeding risk
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Consent issues
• Canadian Best Practice Recommendations 2018:
TPA is considered standard of care. Routine
procedures for emergency consent apply.
• US guidelines recommend obtaining informed consent
when feasible
• Obtaining consent delays treatment
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“In cases of medical emergency when the patient (or
substitute decision maker) is unable to consent, a
physician has the duty to do what is immediately
necessary without consent.”
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“… a contemporaneous record (at the time) should be
made explaining the circumstances which forced the
physician's hand.”
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And
If you don’t treat, document why
and
explain to the patient’s family
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ED physicians more often sued for not giving tPA for
stroke
Liang BA, Zivin JA. Empirical characteristics of litigation involving tissue plasminogen activator and
ischemic stroke. Ann Emerg Med. 2008; 52: 160-4.
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• Labetalol 10 mg IV x2 → BP 170/90
• PLT 250, INR 1.0
• Consent discussion; 7-10% bleeding risk
• TPA started 2 h 20 m after stroke onset
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• Labetalol 10 mg IV x2 → BP 170/90
• PLT 250, INR 1.0
• Consent discussion; 7-10% bleeding risk
• TPA started 2 h 20 m after stroke onset
• ~1 hour later: BP 180/100, mute, right gaze preference
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NCCT 80 mins after start of t-PA
Patient deceased 7 hours after stroke onset
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Predicting brain hemorrhage after t-PA
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Karaszewski B, et al. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86: 1127-36
• ↑age
• ↑BP
• ↑blood glucose
• ↑creatinine
• prior antiplatelets
• ↑stroke severity
• visible infarct on CT
• cerebral microbleeds
• very low cerebral blood
volume
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first released December 2006 ● continuously updated since
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5.3.i
•All eligible patients with disabling ischemic stroke should be offered IV t-PA.
•Eligible patients are those who can receive treatment within 4.5 hours of stroke onset.
[Evidence Level A]
Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment. 2018 Update
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5.3.ii
•All eligible patients should receive IV t-PA as soon as possible after hospital arrival.
[Evidence Level A]
•Target door-to-needle time <60 min in 90% of treated patients & median 30 min.
[Evidence Level B]
Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment. 2018 Update
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Update 2018
Thrombolytic Therapy
Inclusion Criteria
Age >18
<4.5 h since onset (or LSN)
Absolute Exclusion Criteria
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)
At ↑risk of major extracranial hemorrhage
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Update 2018
Thrombolytic Therapy
Patients on a Direct Oral Anticoagulant
IV t-PA should not be routinely administered
In centers with access to specialized tests of DOAC levels and reversal agents, IV t-PA could
be considered…
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Update 2018
Thrombolytic Therapy
Relative Exclusion Criteria
History of ICH
Stroke or head trauma in prior 3 months
Major surgery in prior 14 days
Arterial puncture in prior 7 days
Refractory hypertension >180/105
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Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis
Stroke Study (ENCHANTED)
P: Ischemic stroke, <4.5 hours, SBP>140
I: 1. Intensive BP lowering (SBP 130-140)
2. tPA low dose (0.6 mg/kg)
C:1. Guideline BP lowering (SBP <180)
2. tPA normal dose
O: mRS
N: Target 4,800
PI: Craig Anderson, The George Institute for Global Health, Australia
www.strokecenter.org/trials
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Update 2018
Thrombolytic Therapy
Relative Exclusion Criteria
Blood glucose <2.7 or >22.2
INR >1.7
↑PTT
PLT <100
ASPECTS <6
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Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score
Examine all the images at the ganglionic and supra-ganglionic levels
Take off 1 pt from 10 for every region affected
8-10 Small core6-7 Moderate core0-5 Large core
aspectsinstroke.com
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Stroke Thrombolysis in Nova Scotia
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Stroke Thrombolysis in Nova Scotia
2004/05* 2015^
Ischemic stroke patients 790 1150
Treated with t-PA 3% 13%
Arrived in time & treated 11% 40%
Median door-to-needle 93 min 68 min
*Provincial Stroke Audit
^CVHNS Provincial Stroke Registry
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Bleeding Complications
sICH
Nova Scotia 2015 (n=183) 8%*
sICH=symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage
*CT confirmed or death within 48 h post-tPA
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Bleeding Complications
sICH mECH
Nova Scotia 2015 (n=183) 8%
Systematic Review 2012 (n=3548) 8%
IST-3 (n=1515) 7% 1%
SITS Registry (n=6483) 7%
sICH=symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage; mECH=major extracranial hemorrhage
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Update 2018
Thrombolytic Therapy
Treatment of Bleeding Complications
Insufficient evidence to support use of:
cryoprecipitate or fresh-frozen plasma
prothrombin complex concentrate
platelet transfusion
tranexamic acid
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When Would I Not Treat?
• Very mild stroke causing
non-impairing deficit
• Very severe stroke in the
frail elderly or terminally ill
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Insights from
1. Patients who arrive in time but are
not thrombolysed
2. Patients whose treatment is
complicated by brain hemorrhage
Data from QEII Acute Stroke Registry
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Acute Ischemic Strokes Admitted Through QEII Emergency Department
2015 2016 2017 Total
N 257 264 225 746
TPA 73 (28%) 66 (25%) 52 (23%) 191 (26%)
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Acute Ischemic Strokes Admitted Through QEII Emergency Department
2015 2016 2017 Total
N 257 264 225 746
TPA 73 (28%) 66 (25%) 52 (23%) 191 (26%)
Arrived <3.5 h
but no TPA
57 (22%) 51 (19%) 50 (22%) 158 (21%)
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (1/3)
2015 2016 2017
TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
Age 75 79 69 76 75 80
% men 66 51 53 71 50 54
% living
at home
97 89 97 94 98 90
% living
alone
21 21 18 8 15 30
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (1/3)
2015 2016 2017
TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
Age 75 79 69 76 75 80
% men 66 51 53 71 50 54
% living
at home
97 89 97 94 98 90
% living
alone
21 21 18 8 15 30
Untreated patients older, less likely to be living at home
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (2/3)
2015 2016 2017
% Prior: TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
stroke 22 37 30 37 12 38
↓ cognition 10 30 14 25 21 38
dependency 10 25 11 27 19 30
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (2/3)
2015 2016 2017
% Prior: TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
stroke 22 37 30 37 12 38
↓ cognition 10 30 14 25 21 38
dependency 10 25 11 27 19 30
Untreated patients older, less likely to be living at home, and more
likely to have prior stroke, and cognitive and functional impairment
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (3/3)
2015 2016 2017
TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
% ASP activated 90 58 98 67 98 78
% Mild stroke 1 28 3 22 8 16
% Moderate stroke 64 42 59 63 58 66
% Severe stroke 34 30 38 14 35 18
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‘Lysed cf Not-’lysed (3/3)
2015 2016 2017
TPA No TPA TPA No TPA TPA No TPA
% ASP activated 90 58 98 67 98 78
% Mild stroke 1 28 3 22 8 16
% Moderate stroke 64 42 59 63 58 66
% Severe stroke 34 30 38 14 35 18
Untreated patients older; more likely to have prior stroke, cognitive and
functional impairment, and mild stroke; and less likely to be “code strokes”
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Intracerebral hemorrhage after TPA at the HI
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Intracerebral hemorrhage after TPA at the HI
2015 2016 2017 Total
TPA [no EVT] 62 52 40 154
ICH, n (%) 3 (4.8) 1 (1.9) 4 (10) 8 (5.2)
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TPA [No EVT]
ICH No ICH
n=8 n=148
Age (median) 75 75
% men 40 60
% prior stroke 13 27
% prior ↓cognition 38 13
% prior dependency 25 13
Bleeders more likely to be women with prior cognitive impairment & functional dependency
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TPA [No EVT]
ICH No ICH
n=8 n=148
LSN to TPA (median mins) 184 153
% AF 50 27
% mild stroke 0 5
% moderate stroke 63 68
% severe stroke 37 27
Bleeders more likely to be treated later, cognitively impaired, dependent, in AF
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TPA [No EVT]
ICH No ICH
Stroke syndrome n=8 n=148
% MCA 75 74
% Lacunar 25 12
Bleeders more likely to cognitively impaired, dependent, in AF, with a lacunar stroke
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TPA [No EVT]
ICH No ICH
n=8 n=148
% death in hospital 38 14
% survivors dependent at discharge 80 51
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Last slide
• No useful clinical tool to predict who will bleed after t-PA
• Guidelines are helpful!
• Mild strokes are difficult!
• Frailty, comorbidity, impaired cognition, and functional dependency reasons not to treat
• There are worse things than dying from a severe stroke