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Stem Cell and ItsClinical Implications
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Presented by:
DR.Mahfujun NaharMS Phase-A Resident
Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
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Guided by
Dr. Nahid Farhana minAssistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
BSMMU
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!bjecti"es
Define stem cell
Outline brief history of stem cell research
Mention the types of stem cells based on
potential
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!bjecti"es contd!
Outline the sources of stem cell
"#plain the steps of stem cell therapy
Discuss the health problems that mi$ht be
treated by stem cells
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!bjecti"es %ontd!
Debate for and a$ainst stem cell research
Mention the responsibilities re$ardin$
stem cell issues
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Stem Cells: Definition
- unspeciali&ed
- self rene'al
- can be induced to form specific cell
types
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# stem cell
Self rene$al -maintains the stem cell
pool
% speciali&ed cellsDifferentiation replaces dead or dama'edcells throu'ht the life
(hy self)rene$ ND differentiate*# stem cell
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Clono'enic+ a sin$le "S cell $i(es rise to a colony of
$enetically identical cells) 'hich ha(e the same properties
as the ori$inal cell
,-presses the transcription factor !ct)%
%an be induced to continue proliferatin$ or
to differentiate
ac/s the 0# chec/point in the cell cycle
,S cells spend most of their life cycle in S phase
Don1t sho$ 2 inacti"ation
Properties of stem cell3.
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Stem Cell Mar/ers
c)4it
!ct% A*G%AAA*! POU +amily Protein
CD5%
CD56
Cd%%
CD#55
Nestin
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Cells in suspension are ta''ed
$ith fluorescent mar/ers
specific for undifferentiated
stem cell
abeled cells are sent under
pressure throu'h a small no&&le
and pass throu'h an electricfield
cell 'enerates a ne'ati"e
char'e
if it fluoresces and a positi"echar'e
if it does not.
aser beam
passes
throu'h one cell
F7R!SC,N8
C8I98,D
C, S!R8IN0
Stemcell
S,PR8I!N !F S8,M C,
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istory of
Stem Cell Research
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,n ../) 0ames *homson
isolated stem cells from the
inner cell mass of the earlyembryo1
,n ../) 0ohn Gearhart deri(edhuman embryonic $erm cells
from fetal $onadal tissue
primordial $erm cells!1
istory of
Stem Cell Research
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istory of Stem Cell Research %ontd!
... - +irst Successful human transplant of
insulin-ma2in$ cells from cada(ers
344 - President Bush restricted federal
fundin$ for embryonic stem-cell
research
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istory of Stem Cell Research %ontd!
3445 - 6ar(ard researchers $ro' stem cells
from embryos usin$ pri(ate fundin$1
Asia) 0apan) South 7orea and Sin$apore is
mo(in$ for'ards on stem cell research1
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SCAN Stem Cell Action Network
Stem Cell Research (orld$ide
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0lobal status
On$oin$ debate re$ardin$ use of embryos
United 8ations9 proposal for a $lobal
policy to ban reproducti(e clonin$ only
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Debate in 7S
+ederal fundin$ a(ailable for research usin$the Bush lines only
"S cell lines from /:.:4
Disad(anta$e of Bush stem cell lines9
may ha(e mutations or infections
Pri(ate companies continue to pursue stemcell research
therapeutic cloniin$ mainly
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Stem cell research in other
countries
Great Britain; *herapeutic clonin$ ) use of e#cess
embryos < creation of embryos allo'ed
+rance
; Reproducti(e and therapeutic clonin$banned
Germany
; Use of e#cess embryos and creation ofembr os banned
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8ypes of Stem Cells
based on potential
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8ypes of Stem Cells based on
potentialStem celltype Description ,-amples
*otipotent"ach cell can de(elop
into a ne' indi(idual
%ells from early-= days!embryos
Pluripotent%ells can form anyo(er 344! cell types
Some cells ofblastocyst > to
5 days!
Multipotent%ells differentiated)but can form a numberof other tissues
+etal tissue) cordblood) and adultstem cells
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*his cell
%an form the
"mbryo and placenta
*his cell
%an ?ust form the
embryo
8otipotent
Pluripotent
Multi)potent
+ully mature
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Pluripotent Stem Cellsmore potential to become any type of cell
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Multipotent stem cells
Multipotent stemcells ; limited in
'hat the cells canbecome
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Sources of Stem Cell
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Sources of Stem Cell
"mbryonic stem "S! cells
*issue Adult! stem cells
,nduced pluripotent stem cells iPS cells!
Somatic cell nuclear transfer therapeutic
clonin$!
S f t ll
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Sources of stem cells
embryonic stemcells
blastocyst - a (ery early
embryo
tissue stem cellsfetus) baby and throu$hout life
, b i t ;,S< ll
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,mbryonic stem ;,S< cells:
blastocyst
outer layer of cells
@ trophectoderm
cells inside
@ inner cell mass
embryonic stem cells ta2en from
the inner cell mass
culture in the lab
to $ro' more cells
fluid 'ith nutrients
, b i t ;,S< ll
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,mbryonic stem ;,S< cells:
embryonic stem cells
P7RIP!8,N8
all possible types of speciali&ed
cells
differentiation
8i t ll
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8issue stem cells:
muscles
s2in
surface of the eye brain
breast
intestines $ut!
bone marro'
testicles
8i t ll
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8issue stem cells:
M78IP!8,N8
blood stem cell
found in
bone marro'
differentiation
only speciali&ed types of blood cell9
red blood cells) 'hite blood cells)
platelets
I d d l i t t t ll
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Induced pluripotent stem cell
cell from the body
$enetic repro$rammin$
@ add certain $enes to the cell
induced pluripotent stem iPS!
cell
beha(es li2e an embryonic stem
cell
d"anta'e: no need for embryos=all possible types of
speciali&ed cells
culture iPS cells in the lab
differentiation
I d d l i t t t ll
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Induced pluripotent stem cell ;Contd different types of clonin':
Reproducti(e clonin$
Used to ma2e t'o identical
indi(iduals
ery difficult to do
,lle$al to do on humans
Molecular clonin$
Used to study 'hat a $ene
does
Routinely used in the biolo$y
labs
gene 1
gene2
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Reproducti"e clonin'
remove nucleus
and take the rest of the cell
egg
take the nucleus
(containing DNA)
cell from the body
Clone
identical to the individual
that gave the nucleus Dolly the sheep
Molecular clonin'
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Molecular clonin'
gene 1
gene 2
Make a new piece of DNA
gene 1
gene2
ake DNA out of the nucleus
cell 1 cell 2
gene
1
gene 2
!) "ut new DNA into a test cell and growcopies
gene1
cell divides
Daughter cells
contain same DNA
!enes 1 and 2 have been cloned
gene2
insert newDNA
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Steps of Stem Cell8herapy
Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy
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Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy
Definin' the problem
Findin' 8he Ri'ht 8ype of Stem Cell
Match 8he Stem Cell (ith 8he Recipient
Put the stem cells in the ri'ht place
Ma/e 8he 8ransplanted Stem Cells Perform
St f St C ll 8h
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Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy
Define the problem
Researchers 'ant to replace dead dopamine
neurons 'ith healthy ones
Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy
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Findin' 8he Ri'ht 8ype ofStem Cell
?lastocyst stem cells*
At the time) unable to
differentiate into neurons
Fetal stem cells*+ "#cellentcandidates) ethical problems
dult stem cells*+ 6ard to $et)
too little 2no'n
Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy
Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy ; td
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Match 8he Stem Cell (ith 8he Recipient
8eeds a $ood immunonlo$ical match1
Steps of Stem Cell 8herapy ;contd.