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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Windand Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP)
1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote Sensing Solutions, Barnstable, MA 3University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 4University of Mass., Amherst, MA 5Welch Mechanical Designs, Havre de Grace, MD
Gerald Heymsfield1, James Carswell2, Lihua Li3, Dan Schaubert4, Justin Creticos4, Manuel Vega1,
Wayne Welch5
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP CONCEPT
NASA Global Hawk: 18 km altitude. > 24 hour missions.
HIWRAP Characteristics: Conically scanning. Simultaneous Ku/Ka-band &two beams @30 and 40 deg Precipitation & clouds astracers. Ocean scatterometry.
MEASUREMENTS GOAL: Provide horizontal windsin precipitation regions and ocean surface windsin clear to light rain regions
MEASUREMENT TARGET: Hurricanes and severeweather events.
![Page 3: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Retrieval MethodHIWRAP Retrieval Method
• Provides independentradial windmeasurements atmultiple azimuth anglesand two incidence angleswithin grid volume. Fromwhich the wind vectorcan be calculated.
• Tradeoff studydetermined Ku and Ka-band and 30 and 40 degare the best choice tomaximize number of“good” retrievals.
Two look angles and two frequencies
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
System Specifications
Specifications Parameters
Ku-band Ka-band
RF Frequency (GHz)
Inner Beam: 13.910
Outer Beam: 13.350
Inner Beam: 35.560
Outer Beam: 33.720
Peak Transmit Power (W) 30 10
3dB Beam Width (o) 2.9 1.2
Polarization Vertical (inner beam),
Horizontal (outer beam)
Min . Detect. Reflectivity (dBZ e, 60 m res . 10 km )
0.0 -5.0
Dynamic Range (dB) > 65
Doppler Velocity (ms-1)
0-150 ( Uncertainty < 2 ms -1 for SNR>10)
Scanning Conical Scan, 10 rpm
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Design Goal: Global Hawk
Global Hawk “deep” radome
HIWRAP scanner
Global Hawk is beingconsidered by NASA forhurricane science missionsand by NOAA for routinemonitoring.
![Page 6: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Current Effort: WB57 Aircraft
Bottom view of pallet &radomeSide view of pallet &
instrument
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Development Challenges
• High Altitude UAS (Global Hawk) Platform– High altitude, unpressurized environment.– Limited space, weight and power.– Autonomous operations with limited communications.
• Antenna– Size and weight constraints require single aperture– Dual frequency, dual beam
• Transceiver– High sensitivity, solid-state design.– Support simultaneous, multiple beam transmit and receive.– Single aperture, no blind regions.
• Digital Receiver & Processor– Very high input data rate (> 1 Gb/s)– Pulse compression implementation.– Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.– Network-based communications.
![Page 8: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
•Ka-Band Transceiver•Ku-Band Transceiver•LO/IF•Digital Receiver/Processor•Antenna Drive•Data System•IMU (navigation)
HIWRAP Subsystems
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Scanner Assembly
IF/LODigital Receiver
Antenna Drive
Antenna Feeds
Ku-band TransceiverKa-band Transceiver
![Page 10: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Development
Antenna Performance Goals
Frequencies (GHz) 13.35, 13.91,
33.72, 35.56
Number of beams at each band 2
3 dB Beamwidth < 3.25° (Ku)
< 1.35° (Ka)
Relative Sidelobe level <-22 dB
Incidence angle separation 10°
Incidence angles 30° and 40°
Beam/Polarization Inner/Horizontal
Outer/Vertical
Minimum Return Loss 18 dB
Minnimum bandwidth at each
frequency
100 MHz
–Single aperture–Simultaneous operation at Ku and Ka-band & two beams.–Limited available height.
Antenna design andfeed developmentby UMass/CASCA
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
HIWRAP antenna mounted in Goddard compact range. Single HIWRAP Ku/Ka-band feed.
Reflector
• 20” diameter AL reflector
• Weighs ~17 lbs
• Surface finish < 5 mils
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
Radome ~50” diam.
Dual feeds
•HIWRAP feeds and reflector fabricated andtested
•Measured and simulated performance agrees well
•Antenna ready for final integration into aircraftflight frame.
•Future: radome testing, final support structuretests
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Performance
Justin Creticos PhD DissertationUniversity of Massachusetts
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-band Transceiver
Ka-band Power AMP• 33.0-36.0 GHz• 10 watts RF average power• Internal RF switching (10 nsec)• Noise output -174 dB/Hz when Tx signal not present• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supplyKa-band Switch PA
Assembly
Ka-band Lo
block
Ka-band receiver
assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-Band Test Assembly
Power Amplifiers
Bottom View
Side View
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
Ku-band PA• 13.0-14.0 GHz• 25 watts RF averagepower.
• Ultra efficiency• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supply
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
assembly CAD layout
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
test assembly
Calibration & noise
injection module
Receiver module
Up-converter module
Power Amplifier
& 28VDC Supply
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTimingControl
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
• Versatile transmission waveform generation: dual PRF, linear FM chirp pulse and frequency diversity, pulse amplitude tapering for range sidelobe reduction
• Software controlled timing source for the digital receiver, transmitter and RF switches
HIWRAP Tx Waveform
t
(a)
T
PRT
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Compact, custom board built to achieve high speedprogramming of DDS plus software controlledtiming
• Consists of AD9959 DDS and Cyclone II FPGAwith an RS232 interface
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Status– Board design and fabrication is complete– Electrical testing and debugging is 90%
complete– Dual PRF, linear FM and frequency
diversity waveform generation is 75%complete
– Amplitude control algorithm is currentlyunder development
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP IF/LO Enclosure
IF up/down converter
Power converter module
Power distribution module
Local oscillator module
Fiber to Ethernet
House keeping sensor moduleDDS boards
•IF boards in evaluation
•Enclosure in design
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor - Challenges
• High Altitude Operations- Environment (temperature & pressure).- Autonomous operation (little to no operator interaction).- Redundancy / high availability.- Embedded, standalone system.
• Real-time Processing- High input data rate – 8,960 Megabits/sec- Implement pulse compression (up to 30 dB & 16 independentsub channels).- Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.- Network-based communications
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor
Subsystems:
• Digital Receiver Module (DRM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Digital Receivers and Match Filters.
- Same board can be reconfigured as an APM.
• Algorithm Processing Module (APM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Pulse-Pair processing.
• Network Processing Module (NPM)- Based on PowerQUICC II Processor- Serves as controller and communications processor.
• Switch Fabric Board•Provides communication between NPM and APMs / DRMs.
Card cage conforms to 3U
CompactPCI form factor.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Processing & Communication Bus (i.e. custombackplane)
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x8
APM
0
APM
1
APM
2
APM
3
NPM
DRM
0
DRM
1
DRM
2
DRM
3
SF
M
High Speed Dedicated Processing Bus Communication Serial I/O (PCIe) Bus
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Subsystem Status
• Adhoc system that can support a single IF channelis operating now.
• Signal integrity analysis and layout of backplaneunderway.
• Targeted completion of baseline digital/IFsubsystem August 2008.
• Flight board completion October 2008
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Scanner Assembly
Fiberoptic rotaryjoint, slip ring,scanner, assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Summary
• Test flights are planned for HIWRAP in January2009 after instrument completion.
• Many technical challenges will have been met thatare related to solid state transmitter/pulsecompression approach, operating conditions, andsize/weight constraints.
• New capability provided by HIWRAP will enhancehurricane research and routine hurricanemonitoring.
• Future challenges: real time data processing anddownlink of products.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
BACKUP SLIDES
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Windand Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP)
1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote Sensing Solutions, Barnstable, MA 3University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 4University of Mass., Amherst, MA 5Welch Mechanical Designs, Havre de Grace, MD
Gerald Heymsfield1, James Carswell2, Lihua Li3, Dan Schaubert4, Justin Creticos4, Manuel Vega1,
Wayne Welch5
![Page 30: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP CONCEPT
NASA Global Hawk: 18 km altitude. > 24 hour missions.
HIWRAP Characteristics: Conically scanning. Simultaneous Ku/Ka-band &two beams @30 and 40 deg Precipitation & clouds astracers. Ocean scatterometry.
MEASUREMENTS GOAL: Provide horizontal windsin precipitation regions and ocean surface windsin clear to light rain regions
MEASUREMENT TARGET: Hurricanes and severeweather events.
![Page 31: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Retrieval MethodHIWRAP Retrieval Method
• Provides independentradial windmeasurements atmultiple azimuth anglesand two incidence angleswithin grid volume. Fromwhich the wind vectorcan be calculated.
• Tradeoff studydetermined Ku and Ka-band and 30 and 40 degare the best choice tomaximize number of“good” retrievals.
Two look angles and two frequencies
![Page 32: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
System Specifications
Specifications Parameters
Ku-band Ka-band
RF Frequency (GHz)
Inner Beam: 13.910
Outer Beam: 13.350
Inner Beam: 35.560
Outer Beam: 33.720
Peak Transmit Power (W) 30 10
3dB Beam Width (o) 2.9 1.2
Polarization Vertical (inner beam),
Horizontal (outer beam)
Min . Detect. Reflectivity (dBZ e, 60 m res . 10 km )
0.0 -5.0
Dynamic Range (dB) > 65
Doppler Velocity (ms-1)
0-150 ( Uncertainty < 2 ms -1 for SNR>10)
Scanning Conical Scan, 10 rpm
![Page 33: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Design Goal: Global Hawk
Global Hawk “deep” radome
HIWRAP scanner
Global Hawk is beingconsidered by NASA forhurricane science missionsand by NOAA for routinemonitoring.
![Page 34: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Current Effort: WB57 Aircraft
Bottom view of pallet &radomeSide view of pallet &
instrument
![Page 35: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Development Challenges
• High Altitude UAS (Global Hawk) Platform– High altitude, unpressurized environment.– Limited space, weight and power.– Autonomous operations with limited communications.
• Antenna– Size and weight constraints require single aperture– Dual frequency, dual beam
• Transceiver– High sensitivity, solid-state design.– Support simultaneous, multiple beam transmit and receive.– Single aperture, no blind regions.
• Digital Receiver & Processor– Very high input data rate (> 1 Gb/s)– Pulse compression implementation.– Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.– Network-based communications.
![Page 36: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
•Ka-Band Transceiver•Ku-Band Transceiver•LO/IF•Digital Receiver/Processor•Antenna Drive•Data System•IMU (navigation)
HIWRAP Subsystems
![Page 37: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Scanner Assembly
IF/LODigital Receiver
Antenna Drive
Antenna Feeds
Ku-band TransceiverKa-band Transceiver
![Page 38: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Development
Antenna Performance Goals
Frequencies (GHz) 13.35, 13.91,
33.72, 35.56
Number of beams at each band 2
3 dB Beamwidth < 3.25° (Ku)
< 1.35° (Ka)
Relative Sidelobe level <-22 dB
Incidence angle separation 10°
Incidence angles 30° and 40°
Beam/Polarization Inner/Horizontal
Outer/Vertical
Minimum Return Loss 18 dB
Minnimum bandwidth at each
frequency
100 MHz
–Single aperture–Simultaneous operation at Ku and Ka-band & two beams.–Limited available height.
Antenna design andfeed developmentby UMass/CASCA
![Page 39: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
HIWRAP antenna mounted in Goddard compact range. Single HIWRAP Ku/Ka-band feed.
Reflector
• 20” diameter AL reflector
• Weighs ~17 lbs
• Surface finish < 5 mils
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
Radome ~50” diam.
Dual feeds
•HIWRAP feeds and reflector fabricated andtested
•Measured and simulated performance agrees well
•Antenna ready for final integration into aircraftflight frame.
•Future: radome testing, final support structuretests
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Performance
Justin Creticos PhD DissertationUniversity of Massachusetts
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-band Transceiver
Ka-band Power AMP• 33.0-36.0 GHz• 10 watts RF average power• Internal RF switching (10 nsec)• Noise output -174 dB/Hz when Tx signal not present• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supplyKa-band Switch PA
Assembly
Ka-band Lo
block
Ka-band receiver
assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-Band Test Assembly
Power Amplifiers
Bottom View
Side View
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
Ku-band PA• 13.0-14.0 GHz• 25 watts RF averagepower.
• Ultra efficiency• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supply
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
assembly CAD layout
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
test assembly
Calibration & noise
injection module
Receiver module
Up-converter module
Power Amplifier
& 28VDC Supply
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTimingControl
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
• Versatile transmission waveform generation: dual PRF, linear FM chirp pulse and frequency diversity, pulse amplitude tapering for range sidelobe reduction
• Software controlled timing source for the digital receiver, transmitter and RF switches
HIWRAP Tx Waveform
t
(a)
T
PRT
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Compact, custom board built to achieve high speedprogramming of DDS plus software controlledtiming
• Consists of AD9959 DDS and Cyclone II FPGAwith an RS232 interface
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Status– Board design and fabrication is complete– Electrical testing and debugging is 90%
complete– Dual PRF, linear FM and frequency
diversity waveform generation is 75%complete
– Amplitude control algorithm is currentlyunder development
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP IF/LO Enclosure
IF up/down converter
Power converter module
Power distribution module
Local oscillator module
Fiber to Ethernet
House keeping sensor moduleDDS boards
•IF boards in evaluation
•Enclosure in design
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor - Challenges
• High Altitude Operations- Environment (temperature & pressure).- Autonomous operation (little to no operator interaction).- Redundancy / high availability.- Embedded, standalone system.
• Real-time Processing- High input data rate – 8,960 Megabits/sec- Implement pulse compression (up to 30 dB & 16 independentsub channels).- Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.- Network-based communications
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor
Subsystems:
• Digital Receiver Module (DRM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Digital Receivers and Match Filters.
- Same board can be reconfigured as an APM.
• Algorithm Processing Module (APM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Pulse-Pair processing.
• Network Processing Module (NPM)- Based on PowerQUICC II Processor- Serves as controller and communications processor.
• Switch Fabric Board•Provides communication between NPM and APMs / DRMs.
Card cage conforms to 3U
CompactPCI form factor.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Processing & Communication Bus (i.e. custombackplane)
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x8
APM
0
APM
1
APM
2
APM
3
NPM
DRM
0
DRM
1
DRM
2
DRM
3
SF
M
High Speed Dedicated Processing Bus Communication Serial I/O (PCIe) Bus
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Subsystem Status
• Adhoc system that can support a single IF channelis operating now.
• Signal integrity analysis and layout of backplaneunderway.
• Targeted completion of baseline digital/IFsubsystem August 2008.
• Flight board completion October 2008
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Scanner Assembly
Fiberoptic rotaryjoint, slip ring,scanner, assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Summary
• Test flights are planned for HIWRAP in January2009 after instrument completion.
• Many technical challenges will have been met thatare related to solid state transmitter/pulsecompression approach, operating conditions, andsize/weight constraints.
• New capability provided by HIWRAP will enhancehurricane research and routine hurricanemonitoring.
• Future challenges: real time data processing anddownlink of products.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
BACKUP SLIDES
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Windand Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP)
1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote Sensing Solutions, Barnstable, MA 3University of Maryland Baltimore, MD 4University of Mass., Amherst, MA 5Welch Mechanical Designs, Havre de Grace, MD
Gerald Heymsfield1, James Carswell2, Lihua Li3, Dan Schaubert4, Justin Creticos4, Manuel Vega1,
Wayne Welch5
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP CONCEPT
NASA Global Hawk: 18 km altitude. > 24 hour missions.
HIWRAP Characteristics: Conically scanning. Simultaneous Ku/Ka-band &two beams @30 and 40 deg Precipitation & clouds astracers. Ocean scatterometry.
MEASUREMENTS GOAL: Provide horizontal windsin precipitation regions and ocean surface windsin clear to light rain regions
MEASUREMENT TARGET: Hurricanes and severeweather events.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Retrieval MethodHIWRAP Retrieval Method
• Provides independentradial windmeasurements atmultiple azimuth anglesand two incidence angleswithin grid volume. Fromwhich the wind vectorcan be calculated.
• Tradeoff studydetermined Ku and Ka-band and 30 and 40 degare the best choice tomaximize number of“good” retrievals.
Two look angles and two frequencies
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
System Specifications
Specifications Parameters
Ku-band Ka-band
RF Frequency (GHz)
Inner Beam: 13.910
Outer Beam: 13.350
Inner Beam: 35.560
Outer Beam: 33.720
Peak Transmit Power (W) 30 10
3dB Beam Width (o) 2.9 1.2
Polarization Vertical (inner beam),
Horizontal (outer beam)
Min . Detect. Reflectivity (dBZ e, 60 m res . 10 km )
0.0 -5.0
Dynamic Range (dB) > 65
Doppler Velocity (ms-1)
0-150 ( Uncertainty < 2 ms -1 for SNR>10)
Scanning Conical Scan, 10 rpm
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Design Goal: Global Hawk
Global Hawk “deep” radome
HIWRAP scanner
Global Hawk is beingconsidered by NASA forhurricane science missionsand by NOAA for routinemonitoring.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Current Effort: WB57 Aircraft
Bottom view of pallet &radomeSide view of pallet &
instrument
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Development Challenges
• High Altitude UAS (Global Hawk) Platform– High altitude, unpressurized environment.– Limited space, weight and power.– Autonomous operations with limited communications.
• Antenna– Size and weight constraints require single aperture– Dual frequency, dual beam
• Transceiver– High sensitivity, solid-state design.– Support simultaneous, multiple beam transmit and receive.– Single aperture, no blind regions.
• Digital Receiver & Processor– Very high input data rate (> 1 Gb/s)– Pulse compression implementation.– Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.– Network-based communications.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
•Ka-Band Transceiver•Ku-Band Transceiver•LO/IF•Digital Receiver/Processor•Antenna Drive•Data System•IMU (navigation)
HIWRAP Subsystems
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP Scanner Assembly
IF/LODigital Receiver
Antenna Drive
Antenna Feeds
Ku-band TransceiverKa-band Transceiver
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Development
Antenna Performance Goals
Frequencies (GHz) 13.35, 13.91,
33.72, 35.56
Number of beams at each band 2
3 dB Beamwidth < 3.25° (Ku)
< 1.35° (Ka)
Relative Sidelobe level <-22 dB
Incidence angle separation 10°
Incidence angles 30° and 40°
Beam/Polarization Inner/Horizontal
Outer/Vertical
Minimum Return Loss 18 dB
Minnimum bandwidth at each
frequency
100 MHz
–Single aperture–Simultaneous operation at Ku and Ka-band & two beams.–Limited available height.
Antenna design andfeed developmentby UMass/CASCA
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
HIWRAP antenna mounted in Goddard compact range. Single HIWRAP Ku/Ka-band feed.
Reflector
• 20” diameter AL reflector
• Weighs ~17 lbs
• Surface finish < 5 mils
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Status
Radome ~50” diam.
Dual feeds
•HIWRAP feeds and reflector fabricated andtested
•Measured and simulated performance agrees well
•Antenna ready for final integration into aircraftflight frame.
•Future: radome testing, final support structuretests
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Antenna Performance
Justin Creticos PhD DissertationUniversity of Massachusetts
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-band Transceiver
Ka-band Power AMP• 33.0-36.0 GHz• 10 watts RF average power• Internal RF switching (10 nsec)• Noise output -174 dB/Hz when Tx signal not present• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supplyKa-band Switch PA
Assembly
Ka-band Lo
block
Ka-band receiver
assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ka-Band Test Assembly
Power Amplifiers
Bottom View
Side View
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
Ku-band PA• 13.0-14.0 GHz• 25 watts RF averagepower.
• Ultra efficiency• Operates up to 65 kft• 28 VDC power supply
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Ku-Band Transceiver
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
assembly CAD layout
HIWRAP Ku-band transceiver
test assembly
Calibration & noise
injection module
Receiver module
Up-converter module
Power Amplifier
& 28VDC Supply
![Page 74: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTimingControl
5.3” x 3.1” x 2.9” , 2.5 lbs.
• Versatile transmission waveform generation: dual PRF, linear FM chirp pulse and frequency diversity, pulse amplitude tapering for range sidelobe reduction
• Software controlled timing source for the digital receiver, transmitter and RF switches
HIWRAP Tx Waveform
t
(a)
T
PRT
![Page 75: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Compact, custom board built to achieve high speedprogramming of DDS plus software controlledtiming
• Consists of AD9959 DDS and Cyclone II FPGAwith an RS232 interface
![Page 76: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) andTiming Control
• Status– Board design and fabrication is complete– Electrical testing and debugging is 90%
complete– Dual PRF, linear FM and frequency
diversity waveform generation is 75%complete
– Amplitude control algorithm is currentlyunder development
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
HIWRAP IF/LO Enclosure
IF up/down converter
Power converter module
Power distribution module
Local oscillator module
Fiber to Ethernet
House keeping sensor moduleDDS boards
•IF boards in evaluation
•Enclosure in design
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor - Challenges
• High Altitude Operations- Environment (temperature & pressure).- Autonomous operation (little to no operator interaction).- Redundancy / high availability.- Embedded, standalone system.
• Real-time Processing- High input data rate – 8,960 Megabits/sec- Implement pulse compression (up to 30 dB & 16 independentsub channels).- Real-time Doppler processing for data reduction.- Network-based communications
![Page 79: Status of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain … of the High-Altitude Imaging Wind and Rain Airborne Profiler (HIWRAP) 1Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 2Remote](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022504/5ab4130b7f8b9a7c5b8b7562/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Receiver & Processor
Subsystems:
• Digital Receiver Module (DRM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Digital Receivers and Match Filters.
- Same board can be reconfigured as an APM.
• Algorithm Processing Module (APM)- Based on Virtex-5 SX95T FPGA.- Implements Pulse-Pair processing.
• Network Processing Module (NPM)- Based on PowerQUICC II Processor- Serves as controller and communications processor.
• Switch Fabric Board•Provides communication between NPM and APMs / DRMs.
Card cage conforms to 3U
CompactPCI form factor.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Processing & Communication Bus (i.e. custombackplane)
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x2
PCIe x8
APM
0
APM
1
APM
2
APM
3
NPM
DRM
0
DRM
1
DRM
2
DRM
3
SF
M
High Speed Dedicated Processing Bus Communication Serial I/O (PCIe) Bus
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Digital Subsystem Status
• Adhoc system that can support a single IF channelis operating now.
• Signal integrity analysis and layout of backplaneunderway.
• Targeted completion of baseline digital/IFsubsystem August 2008.
• Flight board completion October 2008
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Scanner Assembly
Fiberoptic rotaryjoint, slip ring,scanner, assembly
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
Summary
• Test flights are planned for HIWRAP in January2009 after instrument completion.
• Many technical challenges will have been met thatare related to solid state transmitter/pulsecompression approach, operating conditions, andsize/weight constraints.
• New capability provided by HIWRAP will enhancehurricane research and routine hurricanemonitoring.
• Future challenges: real time data processing anddownlink of products.
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Heymsfield et al. ESTC2008 Goddard Space Flight Center
BACKUP SLIDES