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Status and perspectivesof
accelerator based neutrino programs
in Europe
V. Palladino/INFN Workshop
Neutrinophysik06.-07. Oktober 2003
DESY, Hamburglonger term aspects beyond present CNGS
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on behalf of
the ECFA Muon Study Groups … http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch
active around CERN since 1998 (chair A. Blondel, H. Haseroth et al)
in tight collaboration with the US and Japan Muon Collaborations (yearly NuFact Int. Summer Workshop & School)
the BENE EC Network Beams for European Neutrino Experiments
presently finalizing its contract with EC (coord. VP)
now also
First joint Study Week: Mon 17-Fri 21 November @ CERN yet one promising meeting: NO Workshop Venice Dec 3-5
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Short biblio http://muonstoragerings.web.cern.ch
+ Web sites of R&D projects: MUSCAT, HARP, TARGET, HORNS, MICE …etc
This can also be at the proper places inside WP
The study of a EU Neutrino Factory at CERN http://nicewww.cern.ch/~molat/neutrino/nf103.pdf
Physics with low energy muons at a Neutrino Complex http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/hep-ph/0109217
High intensity neutrino physics: Physics at the fron end of a Neutrino Factory: a quantitative appraisal CERN-TH/2001-131, hep-ph/0105155
Kaon Physics with a high intensity proton driver http://arXiv.org/ps/hep-ph/o107046
Physics opportunities at Higgs Factory http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/hep-ph/0109199
Oscillation Physics with a Neutrino Factory CERN-TH/2002-208
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… from BENE proposal : coordinate and integrate the activities of the accelerator and particle physics communities working together, in a worldwide context,
towards achieving superior neutrino (ν) beam facilities for Europe.
1) to establish a road map for upgrade of our present facility and the design and construction of new ones
2) to assemble a community capable of sustaining the technical realisation and scientific exploitation of these facilities3) to foster a sequence of carefully prioritized&coordinated initiatives capable to establish, propose and execute the R&D efforts necessary to achieve these goals.
220 signatures
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The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator
European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS & upgrades
a strong initiative is needed options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam + specific detectors
Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex
have CDR ready by LHC startup
anticipating my conclusions …..
Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging
build a Superbeam along the way?
almost free
combine them with a Betabeam?
may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI
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because neutrino flavour transitions DO exist
… beyond a reasonable doubt …. SNO
by now, multiple evidence ..
Solar deficit no more …. … it is e active instead … appearance!
almost max mix (~ solar ~ 200 Km/1 MeV (m
2 ~ 7.1 10-5 eV2) even visible @Japanese reactors
Terrestrial (atmospheric) deficit confirmed …. looks much like
max mix (~ atmo ~ 104 Km/1 GeV (m
2 ~ 2 10-3 eV2)
NB: thou solar surprisingly only ~30 times larger (MSW)
still m2 m
2 ≊ m2
so only 2 wavelenghts exist …. 13 ≊ 23
≡atmo
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solar e active
terrestrial
e
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The PMNS matrix of neutrino mixings
m212
m223
2323
2323
1313
1313
1212
1212
0
0
001
0
010
0
100
0
0
cs
sc
cse
sec
cs
sc
Ui
i
Solar TerrestrialCP-violation: 0
m223
m212
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Pee=1- ….. Pe=
P=1- …..
P=1- …..
P =
Pe = …….
Pe =
Pe=
P= …..
The matrix of neutrino transition probability
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Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P=1- …..
P=1- …..
P = - 4 Re J12sin2
- 4 Re J13sin2
- 4 Re J23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
Pe = …….
Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….
Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P= …..
The matrix of neutrino transition probability
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Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P=1- …..
P=1- …..
P = - 4 Re J12sin2
- 4 Re J13sin2
- 4 Re J23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
Pe = …….
Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….
Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P= …..
T & CP violating term e-iδ
universal
The matrix of neutrino transition probability
Experiments ahead of us, for decades ……..
Solar (SuperK,SNO)LBL Reactors (Kamland)
AtmoK2K, NuMI, CNGS
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or so … sure smaller, but how
much?
matter effects …. explore the detailed mechanismExplain better
Sign m2 ……. hierarchy or degenaracy?
CPno clue,
so far
the “holy grail of neutrino science ”
an insight into antimatter suppression … CP odd leptogenesis?
What we do not know yet?
All above emphasize subleading transition e
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Conventional beam decay channel … (0.1-1% e)
SuperBeam, if MW power ……. need Very Large Detector (water C, Li-Ar) the same as p-decay
Neutrino Factory storage ring ….. & e
manipulate & (& accelerator complex! )accelerate needs Large Magnetic Detector parents ! (SuperMINOS, Li-Ar in B )
BetaBeam storage ring … pure e (& EU accelerator complex)
detectors as SuperBeams
What options do we have? NB: beam + detector configurations
possible, in all cases, for CP, T & CPT studies
50-500 Ktons ie new lab
30-100 KtonsLNGS ! new lab ?
novel
beams
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SPL basicsStudy group since 1999 design of a Superconducting Proton Linac (H-, 2.2
GeV). higher brightness beams into the PS for LHC intense beams (4 MW) for neutrino and
radioactive ion physics
H-
RFQ RFQ1 chop. RFQ2DTL CCDTL RFQ1 chop. RFQ2 0.52 0.7 0.8 dump
Source Low Energy section DTL Superconducting section
95 keV 3 MeV 7 MeV 120 MeV 2.2 GeV
40MeV 237MeV
6 m 64 m 584m
PS / Isolde
Stretching andcollimation line
Accumulator Ring
383MeV
chopping
4 m
660 m
CERN 2000-012
Any option relies on a new powerful EU p-driver !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NB Rapid Cycling Synchrotrons (RCS) also an option: HARP !
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Superbeam Conventional SuperBeam: the CERN scheme
Few 100 MeV
e e appearance
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A. De Bellephon et al
A. De Bellefon, J. Bouchez, L.Mosca et al.
Astroparticle Observatory N decay
S-Novae atmo
UNO, Hyper-K Liquid Argon
Few 100 MeV
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Neutrino Factory: CERN Scheme
e e
e e
Disappearance e e deficit
deficit
Appearance e e excess excess
Appearance … Wrong Charge Signature
e excess Golden excess Silver
! Magnetic detector
MultiGeV
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EURadioISotopesOnLine
Moriond Mar 03
!!!
Betabeam & Eurisol
Factor 2*3 !
Few 100 MeV!
Same detector as Superbeam. At the same time!
Radio Isotopes emitters
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Pee=1- ….. Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P=1- …..
P=1- …..
P = - 4 Re J12sin2
- 4 Re J13sin2
- 4 Re J23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
Pe = …….
Pe = - 4 … - 4 … - 4 … - (± 8J….
Pe= - 4 Re Je12sin2
- 4 Re Je13sin2
- 4 Re Je23sin2
± 8J sinsinsin
P= …..
The matrix of neutrino transition probability
The Neutrino Factory does them all !
SuperBeam, NuFact
BetaBeam, NuFact golden silver
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Neutrino Factory again favoured however ….. Long BaseLines then ….
Matter effects are important …. a bonus ? …. a problem?
in addition
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Sensitivity toCPV ….
asymmetries can be sizeable ………. particularly for subdominant transitions e transitions again
sin2
CP =
sin
possibly even big ………..
NB: L/E behavior
8J sinsinsin4 [Re Je + Re Je
12]sin2
=
=PCP PCP
=
m2
10-4 eV2
L732Km
10 GeV E
P- P
P+P
=
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UT A = CP matter
m2
L2 (Km2) --------------- ------------ 3 10-3 eV2 E (GeV)
Can syst error in the subtraction be controlled?
YES! At Nufact , if N * NKT * detectors
Nyear NKTseveral 10 Ktons
watts & Mtons !!detectors
tg2 2mattermatter=sin /(cos -Amattermatter/m)
Penhanced if m >0 Pdepressed viceversa if m <0
matter 0.7 10-6 NB: L2/E behavior faster than CPshort L, low Eviable?
Matter effects : Matter is CP odd (no e+) …. e again
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NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):
SuperBeam
Nufact
NuFact onlycan reallymap them
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CP =P- P
P+P
asymmetrye at NuFact Betabeam
e Superbeam
T = asymmetry … e at NuFact?
e Betabeam + Superbeam
CPT both asymmetries Betabeam +
Superbeam
All of great interest!
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Comparative Physics Reach …. 90% discovery contour for CPV =90° Mezzetto NuFact03
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MW Target & Collector
R&D
MW
P driver
A possible Road Map
Superconducting Proton Linac (few GeV/c)
MuonAcceleration
& Storage R&D
MuonIonizationCooling
R&D(MICE)
NuFact +LMD
CP & possibly T
MSW Matter Effects
aim at CDR by LHC startup!
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MW Target & Collector
R&D
MW
P driver
conventional beam2 * CNGS !!!!!!!!!!!!
Physics at new large u/ground lab 500 Kton Water Cerenkov? 50 kton Li A?
13 & maybe CP
N decay ! SuperNovae Obs. !
90%
A possible Road Map
Conventional
Superconducting Proton Linac (few GeV/c)
MuonAcceleration
& Storage R&D
MuonIonizationCooling
R&D(MICE)
NuFact +LMD
CP & possibly T
MSW Matter Effects
Ion Acceleration
& Storage R&D
RadioactiveIon
BeamsR&D
Ne18 e
eHe6
CP T
CPT
BetaBeam
10%
SuperBeam,
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Steering Committee
S
t
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
m
m
i
t
t
e
e
N3: BENE Coordinator : V. Palladino
Deputy: P. Gruber (tbc)
Comparisons of existing front-end schemes: with and without ionization cooling
New front-end ideas
Assessing experimental studies of cooling (MICE results etc..)
Overall optimisation
Task/Topic Level
Work Package Level
Comparison RLA, FFAG, VFCS
Muon Storage Ring schemes
WP1: PHYSICS Leader: M. Mezzetto
WP2: DRIVER Leader: P. Debu
WP3: TARGET Leader: R. Bennett
WP4: COLLECTOR Leader: J. E. Campagne
WP5: NOVEL NEUTRINO BEAMS collection & dissemination of knwledge promoting further initiatives
Effective Pion & Muon Collection
Integration with TARGET
Thermal stress & heat removal
Material research: shock & radiation resistance
Production of emitting isotopes
NeutrinoFactories Conventional Superbeam Betabeams Optimal parameters
Beams, fluxes, energy & detector location masses, baselines & detector technique Systematic limitations, beam monitoring, plans for ancillary measurements
Road map of physics reach, time and cost
Superconducting proton linac
Rapid cycling synchrotrons
Intense H- ion sources, high power injectors
Solid rotating toroidal
targets Shock studies in solids
Safety aspects
Mercury jet target
Granular targets
Beam dump
Overall design & remote handling
Charge breeding & bunching
Ion acceleration
Ion Decay Ring
Low energy beta-beam
Asses HIPPI results on Fast beam choppers and Normal & Super Conducting Accelerating Structures
Full mapping of neutrino mass splitting & leptonic mixing matrix, including CPV phase.
Influence of rep-rate & of choices for MUFRONT
Theory: beam dynamics
High rep. rate of electrical discharge
MUEND F. Meot
is
MUFRONT R. Edgecock
BETABEAM M. Lindroos
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)
Joint Research Activities (5 subprojects)
JRA1: SRFCAV(SRF Cavity)
(D. Proch/DESY)
JRA3: PHIN(Photo-Injector) (A. Ghigo/INFN)
…
N2: ELAN (Electron linear accelerators & colliders)
(F. Richard/Orsay)
…
N3: BENE (Beams for European NeutrinoExperiments)
(V. Palladino/INFN)
N4: HEHIHBHigh Energy and High Intensity Hadron Beams (H. Haseroth/CERN)
JRA2: SRFTECH(SRF Technology) (T. Garvey/ORSAY
)
JRA5: NED(Next European Dipole)
(A. Devred/Saclay) …
Networking Activities
(3 subprojects)
JRA4: HIPPI (High Intensity Proton Pulsed
Injector) (R. Garoby/CERN)
…
.
NB: this is the R&D towards a MW Injector
for the p driver !!! (first 200 MeV)
CNGS !!!!
600KE
500KE
400KE
2600KE 2600KE 3600KE
3600KE
1000KE
!
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Roadmap (1): 3 MeV injector1) 3 MeV pre-injector 2006 at CERN
On-going collaboration with CEA (Saclay-F) and CNRS (Orsay-F) to build, test and install at CERN a 3 MeV pre-injector based on the “IPHI” RFQ (Injecteur de Protons de Haute Intensité)
E C R S IL H I sou rcean d L E B T
R F Q H E B T w ithB e a m D ia g n o stic s
sp ectrom eter
B e a mStopper
B ea m P o w er : 3 0 0 k W
9 5 K e V
2 R F S y s te m s3 5 2 M H z - 1 .3 M W
3 M e V
1 0 0 K VH V p la tform
8,6 m 6 m 14 m
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Roadmap (2): Linac4
Idea: Take only the room temperature part of the SPL (120 MeV) and install it in the PS South Hall, to inject H- into the PS
Booster > twice the number of protons/pulse in the PSB
(5 1013)
H-
RFQ RFQ1 chop. RFQ2DTL CCDTL
95 keV 3 MeV 120 MeV 150 MeV
40MeV 6 m 64 m
chopping
4 m
SCL/SC
120 MeV, 80m, 16 LEP klystrons
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• LEP RF cavities are getting older...
• New technology can provide better performance (=gradient!)
• More EU-wide interest on 700 MHz frequency, bulk Nb
• Consequences:
1. Slowly relax the option on the LEP cavities
2. Consider 700 MHz already for the 100-150 MeV at Linac4.
3. Start market survey for 700 MHz klystrons
4. R&D options must be valid for both frequencies
Roadmap (3): SPL …
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Proposed rotating tantalum target ring
Targetry (the most dangerous potential show stopper)
Many difficulties: enormous power density lifetime problems pion capture
Replace target between bunches:
Liquid mercury jet or rotating solid target
Stationary target:
Densham
Sievers
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Hg-jet system• Power absorbed in Hg-jet
1 MW• Operating pressure 100 Bar• Flow rate 2 t/m• Jet speed 30 m/s• Jet diameter 10 mm• Temperature
- Inlet to target 30° C- Exit from target 100° C
• Total Hg inventory 10 t• Pump power 50 kW
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Jet test a BNL E-951
Event #11 25th April 2001
P-bunch: 2.71012 ppb100 nsto = ~ 0.45 ms
Hg- jet : diameter 1.2 cm jet-velocity 2.5 m/sperp. velocity ~ 5 m/s
Picture timing [ms]0.000.754.50
13.00
K. Mc Donald, H. Kirk, A. Fabich
Protons
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Pion Capture: Solenoids Kirk
20T 1.25T
Pion Capture: Solenoid
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Pion Capture: Horn
Protons
Current of 300 kA
To decay channel
Hg target B1/R
B = 0
Gilardoni
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Ionization Cooling : the principle
H2 rf
Liquid H2: dE/dx
RF restores only P//: E constant
Beam
sol
sol
IN
OUT
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Incoming muon beam
Diffusers 1&2
Beam PIDTOF 0
CherenkovTOF 1
Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out
Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3
Downstreamparticle ID:
TOF 2 Cherenkov
Calorimeter
RF cavities 1 RF cavities 2
Spectrometer solenoid 1
Matching coils 1&2
Focus coils 1 Spectrometer solenoid 2
Coupling Coils 1&2
Focus coils 2 Focus coils 3Matching coils 1&2
10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements =>
measurement precision can be as good as out/ in ) = 10-3
never done before either….
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Status of MICERecommended for approval on May 3
RAL International Peer Review Advisory Panel a team of international top experts (A. Atsbury et al)
Funding becomes the driving issue MICE is estimated to cost 25 ME (hardware) + almeno altettanto di manpower, travel, contingency, TVA
1/4 to 1/3 UK …. 10 M - 15 M Pounds appears likely (PPARC, OST) … if good signals from other agencies negotiations will now resume
USA ….. about as much
INFN ? rest of Europe (FR, CH, Be … ?) Japan?
Prototype work to continue meanwhile in all sectors so to avoid any additional delay
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Design studies
FP6 foresees funding for design studies of new infrastructures. Encouraged by EU in reference with the (approved) CARE.
In preparation is the proposal for a European based Design study of a
neutrino factory and superbeam
RAL as leading house. (Peach/Edgecock)
Proton driver CERN in coll. With Saclay, RAL, etc.,Target many interested. Still searching a leading house. TTA at CERN under consideration. (pulsed beam important)Horn and collectors LAL Orsay CTFCooling; MICE@RAL Acceleration, FFAG Saclay, Grenoble, Frascati CDR by LHC startup !Storage ring and instrumentation ……..Detectors …
Europe alone does not have critical mass for all this. => world collaboration with USA and Japan was launched at NUFACT03 in June 2003.
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EURISOLand
future programsmay share
a new powerful European p driver
20ms rep rate
Eurisol Eurisol Eurisol Eurisol
’s & EURISOL
…. unique opportunity …
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The physics case for the SPL(*)
1)neutrino oscillations : conventional Superbeam
2)EURISOL … RIB … stability of nuclear matter
3)neutrino oscillations : Betabeam & NuFact
4)slow muon ….. Rare LFV decays
5) further sinergies to be energetically sought ……
(*) Superconducting Proton Linac … many MW (1016 2-3 GeV/c p) presently favoured option for p driver (HARP)
Workshop late May 04 “Physics at the SPL”
Document to the CERN Scientific Policy Committe in December
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The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator
European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS & upgrades
a strong initiative is needed options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam + specific detectors
Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex
have CDR ready by LHC startup
Conclusions again …..
Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging
build a Superbeam along the way?
almost free
combine them with a Betabeam?
may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI
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THE END
Slides below were not shown
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The physics of transitions is proving extremely rewarding and demands long term experimentation with accelerator
European accelerator are an endangered species may extinguish after CNGS
a strong initiative is needed
options: Superbeams, NuFact, Betabeam
Preliminary road map: head towards it ! pursue NuFact R&D … driver, target, collection …. complex
have CDR ready by LHC startup
Conclusions
Preliminary conclusion: all options very promising NuFact most attractive & challenging
build a Superbeam along the way? almost free
combine them with a Betabeam? may exploit sinergies with CERN & EURISOL & GSI
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NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):
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NuFact cf. conventional sources (cont.):