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Statistics
Statistics are numerical data. How were the instances collected? How representative was the
sample (if any)? How reasonable is the
generalization? How are the statistics interpreted?
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Exercise A3 Most (extent) Americans (population) favor U.S. involvement in the Middle
East (property). A recent poll of 250 people living in
or around Chicago (sample) revealed that 63% of those surveyed
favor such involvement (finding).
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Exercise A5 In a recent…, 40% (finding) Of the 2,000 men involved (sample) Reported at least minimal hair
growth, and another 12% reported moderate hair growth (finding).
These data clearly establish that Sibodil really (extent)
Works to restore lost hair (property). (all men is the implied population.)
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Exercise B
1. How was the sample chosen? How large was the sample?
3. Can’t generalize from sample.5. Small sample size. Is there any
reason to generalize that the discontent is growing?
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Exercise C1. …the last one. / The net effect…3. …the past century. / These figures
prove…5. …the last quarter of 1999. / We have
to…7. …the last 300 years. / These statistics…9. …proceed with executions. / Thus,
capital punishment…11. …June, July, & August. / It certainly
pays…
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Testimony Lay testimony: Opinions of reliable
observers with personal involvement. Expert testimony: Knowledge and opinions
arising from study or work experiences. Functions of testimony:
Verify truth or representative qualities of examples or statistics
Explain reasoning Interpret data
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Credibility of Sources
Sufficient expertise Reasonable objectivity Access to information Accurate use of material Detail and clarity of evidence