Download - starwest-2006-mbt-tutorial
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Goals for Today• Convey techniques for
• How to model systems
• How to generate tests
• How to verify results
• Communicate a mindset
• Provide inspiration
• Foster discontent
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Non-Goals for Today
• Specific tools
• Interfacing with an application
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
What are the Problems of Software Testing?
• Time is limited
• Applications are complex
• Requirements are fluid
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
What’s wrong with manual testing?
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Manual testing is ok sometimes …
Start Stop
Clock.exe Clock.exe
Digital
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Start Stop
Clock.exe Clock.exe
DblClk DblClk
Digital
… but it can rarely go deep enough
?? ??
Analog Digital
?? ??
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
What’s wrong with scripting?
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
CurrentWindow = WFndWndC("Calculator", "SciCalc")WSetWndPosSiz(CurrentWindow, 88, 116, 260, 260)WMenuSelect("@2\@2")CurrentWindow = WFndWndC("Calculator", "SciCalc")WSetWndPosSiz(CurrentWindow, 88, 116, 480, 317)WButtonClick("@32")WButtonClick("@27")WButtonClick("@38")WButtonClick("@58")WMenuSelect("@2\@1")CurrentWindow = WFndWndC("Calculator", "SciCalc")WSetWndPosSiz(CurrentWindow, 88, 116, 260, 260)WMenuSelect("@2\@1")Play "{Click 330, 131, Left}"WToolbarButtonClk("@2", "@6")WToolbarButtonClk("@2", "@7")WToolbarButtonClk("@1", "@1")
• Awe-inspiring
• Unchanging
• Indecipherable
The Villain of this Piece
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Scripts are ok for some uses …
Test case 1: Start Digital Stop Start Analog StopTest case 2: Start DblClk Stop Start DblClk Stop
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
… but they pile up quickly …
Test case 1: Start Digital Stop Start Analog StopTest case 2: Start DblClk Stop Start DblClk StopTest case 3: Start Digital DblClk Stop Start DblClk Analog StopTest case 4: Start DblClk DblClk Digital DblClk DblClk Stop Start Analog StopTest case 5: …
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
… and what are you left with?
Test case 1: Start Digital Stop Start Analog StopTest case 2: Start DblClk Stop Start DblClk StopTest case 3: Start Digital DblClk Stop Start DblClk Analog StopTest case 4: Start DblClk DblClk Digital DblClk DblClk Stop Start Analog StopTest case 5: Start Digital Digital Stop Start Analog StopTest case 6: Start DblClk Stop Start Analog DblClk StopTest case 7: Start Digital DblClk Stop Start Digital DblClk Analog StopTest case 8: Start DblClk DblClk Digital Analog DblClk DblClk StopTest case 9: …
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
What is a model?
• A model is a description of a system.
• Models are simpler than the systems they describe.
• Models help us understand and predict the system’s behavior.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
What is model-based testing?
“Model-based testing is a testing technique where the runtime behavior of an implementation under test is checked against predictions made by a formal specification, or model.” - Colin Campbell, MSR
In other words
• A model describes how a system should behave in response to an action.
• Supply the action and see if the system responds as you expect.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Traditional Automated Testing
Imagine that this projector is the software you are testing.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Traditional Automated Testing
Typically, testers automate by creating static scripts.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Traditional Automated Testing
Given enough time, these scripts will cover the behavior.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Traditional Automated Testing
But what happens when the software’s behavior changes?
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
So What’s a Model?
• A model is a description of a system’s behavior.
• Models are simpler than the systems they describe.
• Models help us understand and predict the system’s behavior.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Model-Based Testing
Now, imagine that the top projector is your model.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Model-Based Testing
The model generates tests to cover the behavior.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Model-Based Testing
… and when the behavior changes…
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Model-Based Testing
… so do the tests.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Using Models to Test
• What type of model do I use?• How do I create the model?• How do I choose tests?• How do I verify results?
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Many Types of Models• States• Monkeys• Sets• Grammars• Combinations• Other
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Creating a Model
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
We All Use Mental Models Already
hmm …
if I am in the Analog display
and I execute the Digital action
I should end up in the Digital display
Digital
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
State Table Representation
Digital Analog Digital
StartState Action EndStateAnalog Digital Digital
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling a Website
Exercise 1
Based on “Model-Based Testing: Not for Dummies” by Jeff Feldstein
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
State Table Representation
StartState Action EndStateHomePage ImageTab ImagePageHomePage NewsTab NewsPageImagePage HomeTab HomePageImagePage NewsTab NewsPageNewsPage HomeTab HomePageNewsPage ImageTab ImagePage
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling Notepad
Exercise 2
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Notepad Model
Start
Delete ACancel
No
Close
Type A Close
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Notepad State TableStartState Action EndState
NotRunning Start MainWindow
WindowEmpty TypeA WindowDirty
WindowEmpty Close NotRunning
WindowDirty Delete WindowEmpty
WindowDirty Close SaveDialog
SaveDialog Cancel WindowDirty
SaveDialog No NotRunning
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling Wordpad
Exercise 3
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Wordpad Model
Start Close
CancelNo
Type A
Delete A
Close
Cancel
Close
No
Type A
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Wordpad State TableStartState Action EndState
NotRunning Start MainWindow
WindowEmpty1 TypeA WindowDirty
WindowEmpty1 Close NotRunning
WindowDirty Delete WindowEmpty2
WindowDirty Close SaveDialog1
WindowEmpty2 TypeA WindowDirty
WindowEmpty2 Cancel SaveDialog2
SaveDialog1 Cancel WindowDirty
SaveDialog1 No NotRunning
SaveDialog2 Cancel WindowEmpty2SaveDialog2 No NotRunning
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling Clock using Rules
Exercise 4
Digital
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling Clock States
In our discussion of the Clock behavior, we only tracked a few data values in the application:
RunningAnalog
Unframed
RunningDigitalFramed
was described as
was described as
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling Clock ActionsWe also tracked how our actions change those values:
Digital Digital
RunningDigitalFramed
RunningAnalogFramed
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Analog
Analog
DblClk
Start Stop
Clock.exe Clock.exeStop Start
DblClk DblClk DblClk
Start Stop
Clock.exe Clock.exeStop Start
Digital
Digital
So, we can replace this model …
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
StoppedDigitalFramed
DblClk
Start Stop
Stop Start
DblClk DblClk DblClk
Start Stop
Stop Start
StoppedAnalogFramed
RunningDigitalFramed
RunningAnalogFramed
StoppedAnalog
Unframed
RunningAnalog
Unframed
RunningDigital
Unframed
StoppedDigital
Unframed
Digital
Digital Analog
Analog
… with a state variable model
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Rules for the Stop action
• If the Clock is Running, then the user can execute the ‘Stop’ action.
• The ‘Stop’ action puts you in Stopped mode
Clock.exe
Stop static void Stop( )requires (AppStatus == AppValues.Running);{
AppStatus = AppValues.Stopped;}
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Rules for the SelectDigital action• If the Clock is Running and Framed, then the user
can execute the ‘SelectDigital’ action• The ‘SelectDigital’ action puts you in Digital mode
SelectDigital
static void SelectDigital( )requires (AppStatus == AppValues.Running)&& (FrameStatus == FrameValues.Framed);{ModeStatus = ModeValues.Digital;
}
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
A generated state table!STARTSTATE ACTION ENDSTATEStopped Analog Framed Start Running Analog FramedRunning Analog Framed Stop Stopped Analog FramedRunning Analog Framed SelectAnalog Running Analog FramedRunning Analog Framed SelectDigital Running Digital FramedRunning Analog Framed DblClk Running Analog UnframedRunning Digital Framed Stop Stopped Digital FramedRunning Digital Framed SelectAnalog Running Analog FramedRunning Digital Framed SelectDigital Running Digital FramedRunning Digital Framed DblClk Running Digital UnframedRunning Analog Unframed Stop Stopped Analog UnframedRunning Analog Unframed DblClk Running Analog FramedStopped Digital Framed Start Running Digital FramedRunning Digital Unframed Stop Stopped Digital UnframedRunning Digital Unframed DblClk Running Digital FramedStopped Analog Unframed Start Running Analog UnframedStopped Digital Unframed Start Running Digital Unframed
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
A state diagram
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Generating Tests from a Model
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Generating Test Sequences
We can use the machine-readable model to create test sequences:
• Random walk• All transitions• Shortest paths first• Most likely paths first
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
A Random Walk
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
A sequence that hits all transitions
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
An all-transitions sequence
1. Start2. Analog3. Digital4. Digital5. Stop6. Start7. Double Click8. Stop
9. Start10.Double Click11.Analog12.Double Click13.Stop14.Start15.Double Click16.Stop
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
All paths of length 2
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
All paths of length 3
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
All paths of length 4
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
All paths of length < 5
1. Start, Stop
2. Start, Analog, Stop
3. Start, Analog, Analog, Stop
4. Start, Digital, Analog, Stop
5. Start, Double Click, Double Click, Stop
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Brainstorming Traversals
Exercise 5
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
How would you test this?
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Pathological
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Closer in …
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Partial state table for the maze*west end of long hall South maze of twisty little passages
maze of twisty little passages Up twisty little maze of passages
maze of twisty little passages NW twisty maze of little passages
maze of twisty little passages North maze of little twisty passages
maze of twisty little passages NE twisting maze of little passages
maze of twisty little passages West maze of little twisting passages
maze of twisty little passages East little twisty maze of passages
maze of twisty little passages SW little maze of twisty passages
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Executing the Test Actions1. Start2. Analog3. Digital4. Digital5. Stop6. Start7. Double Click8. Stop
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling from a Spec
Exercise 6
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
1. customer needs to log in to use the system
2. customer stays logged in to the system until she logs out
3. customer starts with no account
4. customer can create an account
5. customer can delete her account
6. customer can open an existing account
7. customer can close an existing account
“Accessing an Account”
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Verifying the Outcomes
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Oracles
• Crashes• Prediction• Checking• Pre-oracling• Heuristics• Filtering + Humans• Assertions
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Monkeying an Input Field
Exercise 7
Inspired by Noel Nyman’s article “Using Monkey Test Tools”
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Monkey Models
Nothing I do should make this app crash…
1.2a P, a P, ab P, ab P 2, abc P, P, P, P, \\scbuild1Type 5containing message laurie Bill's October? A? v?-0Qrg+ 'cQ?_<$ ` Z`i7c} oV? E1X …nov 31, 2000 Oct, 2000 dates Wednesday …alike. In Word documents, for example …3 M noteRNL in Office 10
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Predicting the Outcome
StartState Action EndStateAnalog Digital Digital
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Oracling the Square Root Function
Exercise 8
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Oracling the Sine Function
Exercise 9
Inspired by Doug Hoffman’s article “Heuristic Test Oracles”
Academy Artworks
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sin2(x) + cos2(x) = 1
cos(x) = sin(x-pi)
sin2(x) + sin2(x-pi) = 1
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Modeling with Sets
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Modeling Search
Exercise 10
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+ruby3513 files
+pragmatic82 files
+ruby +pragmatic
12 files
-ruby+pragmatic
70 files
+ruby-pragmatic3143 files
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+ruby3513 files
+pragmatic82 files
+ruby +pragmatic
12 files
-ruby+pragmatic
70 files
+ruby-pragmatic3143 files
3513 – 12 = ?
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Expr ::= IDENT| NUMBER| "let" Ident = Expr "in" Expr| Expr + Expr| Expr - Expr
Modeling with Grammars
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How a Production Grammar Works
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Modeling HTML
Exercise 11
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A mini-html grammar{seed}:=<html>{body}</html>;
{body}:={body}<P>{body}|<H1>{body2}</H1>|<H4>{body2}</H4>;
{body2}:=<font color="red"> {body3} </font>|<font color="blue"> {body3} </font>;
{body3}:=<U>{body4}</U>|{body4};
{body4}:=<I> {body5} </I> | {body5};
{body5}:=the quick brown fox;
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Modeling Arithmetic Expressions
Grammar Example 1
100 * 5 / (6 – 5.01 * 3.14159)
Inspired by Pete TerMaat’s article “Adventures in Automated Testing”
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Evaluate the following expressions
1. 10 * 1.0 * 0.1 * 6.0 * 1.16666666667 * 1.0 * 1.14285714286 * 5.25
2. 2 * 2.5 * 0.4 * 4.0 * 1.25 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 5.25
3. 4 * 0.5 * 3.5 * 1.0 * 0.285714285714 * 3.0 * 0.166666666667 * 42.0
4. 2 * 5.0 * 0.2 * 1.5 * 1.0 * 2.66666666667 * 1.125 * 4.66666666667
5. 5 * 1.6 * 1.0 * 0.5 * 1.75 * 0.428571428571 * 0.333333333333 * 42.0
6. 4 * 2.0 * 0.75 * 1.5 * 0.444444444444 * 0.75 * 2.66666666667 * 5.25
7. 6 * 1.5 * 0.777777777778 * 0.428571428571 * 1.33333333333 * 0.25 * 7.0 * 6.0
8. 2 * 1.5 * 0.333333333333 * 10.0 * 0.5 * 0.8 * 1.5 * 7.0
9. 5 * 0.6 * 1.66666666667 * 0.2 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 10.0 * 4.2
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5 * 8.4
5 * 1.0 * 8.4
1 * 5.0 * 1.0 * 8.4
1 * 1.0 * 5.0 * 1.0 * 8.4
10 * 0.1 * 1.0 * 5.0 * 1.0 * 8.4
8 * 1.25 * 0.1 * 1.0 * 5.0 * 1.0 * 8.4
7 * 1.14285714286 * 1.25 * 0.1 * 1.0 * 5.0 * 1.0 * 8.4
42
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Evaluate the following expression
10 * 0.6 * 1.5 * 0.666666666667 * 1.0 * 1.0 * 0.833333333333 * 1.2 * 1.5 * 0.666666666667 *
1.33333333333 * 0.375 * 1.66666666667 * 1.0 * 2.0 * 1.0 * 0.9 * 0.777777777778 * 1.0 *
0.428571428571 * 3.0 * 0.666666666667 * 1.5 * 0.222222222222 * 0.5 * 5.0 * 2.0 * 0.4 * 2.0 *
0.5 * 0.75 * 1.33333333333 * 0.75 * 2.33333333333 * 1.42857142857 * 0.7 * 1.0 *
1.28571428571 * 1.0 * 0.333333333333 * 2.0 * 0.833333333333 * 0.2 * 6.0 * 1.33333333333 *
0.375 * 0.666666666667 * 1.0 * 2.0 * 2.25 * 0.222222222222 * 4.5 * 0.888888888889 * 0.125
* 4.0 * 2.0 * 0.75 * 1.0 * 1.5 * 0.333333333333 * 2.33333333333 * 0.428571428571 * 3.0 *
0.888888888889 * 0.625 * 0.2 * 8.0 * 0.375 * 0.333333333333 * 7.0 * 1.42857142857 * 0.1 *
3.0 * 3.33333333333 * 1.0 * 0.6 * 0.333333333333 * 4.0 * 0.5 * 2.5 * 0.5 * 1.4 *
1.14285714286 * 0.25 * 0.5 * 7.0 * 0.428571428571 * 2.0 * 1.0 * 0.5 * 0.666666666667 * 4.5 *
0.333333333333 * 2.33333333333 * 0.571428571429 * 1.75 * 0.428571428571 * 2.0 * 0.5 *
14.0
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Modeling C Code
Grammar Example 2
static void TestCase(){while( Fun("L21") ){L22: break; }}else {L3:{L31: goto L22;L32: goto L31; }}
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Grammar Model for a Subset of CStatement :: if ( BooleanCondition ) { Statement } else { Statement }Statement :: while ( BooleanCondition ) { Statement }Statement :: { Statement Statement }Statement :: break;Statement :: goto Label;Statement :: Label : StatementStatement :: ExpressionStatement;ExpressionStatement :: MethodCallBooleanExpression :: MethodCallMethodCall :: Fun(Label)
Based on “A High-Level Modular Definition of the Semantics of C#”- Boerger, Fruja, Gervasi, Stark
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Deriving Programs from the Grammar{ Statement }
{ if ( Boolean ) { Statement } else { Statement } }
{ if ( MethodCall ) { Statement } else { Statement } }
{ if ( MethodCall ) { Statement Statement } else { Statement } }
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Tests Generated from the Grammar
static void TestCase(){L:if ( Fun("L1") ){L2:if ( Fun("L21") ){L22: goto L;}else{L23: goto L;}}else{L3:{L31: goto L32;L32: goto L;}}}
suite123.csstatic void TestCase(){L:if ( Fun("L1") ){L2:while( Fun("L21") ){L22:break;}}else{L3:{L31: goto L;L32: goto L31;}}}
suite321.cs
“Experiments on Semantics Based Testing of a Compiler” - Esin, Novikov, Yavorskiy
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Modeling Combinations
Exercise 12
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Selecting Sandwiches
Exercise 13
Inspired by an example in Lou Tylee’s book “Visual C# Express for Kids”
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Setting Up the Combinations
Bread Cheese H MU MA L Twhite none ham mustard mayo lettuce tomatowheat american no_ham no_must no_mayo no_lett no_tomrye swiss
Using James Bach’s AllPairs program from www.satisfice.com
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Generating the PairsTEST CASEScase Bread Cheese H M MA L T1 white none ham mustard mayo lettuce tomato2 white american no_ham no_must no_mayo no_lett no_tom3 wheat none no_ham mustard no_mayo lettuce no_tom4 wheat american ham no_must mayo no_lett tomato5 rye swiss ham mustard no_mayo no_lett tomato6 rye swiss no_ham no_must mayo lettuce no_tom7 white none ham no_must no_mayo no_lett no_tom8 white american no_ham mustard mayo lettuce tomato9 wheat swiss ham mustard mayo no_lett no_tom10 rye none no_ham no_must no_mayo lettuce tomato11 rye american ham mustard no_mayo lettuce no_tom12 white swiss no_ham no_must no_mayo no_lett tomato
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But, did we miss any behavior of interest?
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Modeling the Triangle
Exercise 14
Inspired by B J Rollison’s conference paper “Dissecting the Triangle Problem”
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Exhaustion?
for ( a=0; a<=32767; a++)for ( b=0; b<=32767; b++)
for ( c=0; c<=32767; c++)evaluate( a, b, c);
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Modeling Google Maps
Exercise 15
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0.60 miles
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Trip #115
Trip start: 47.7945, -122.493
Trip end: 47.74753 -122.36585
Google route distance is 102.0 miles
Straightline distance is 6.7 miles
Ratio is 15.2 --------------------- SUSPICIOUS...
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Checking Driving Directions
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Checking Driving Directions
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The Long Road Home
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What Kinds of Bugs do Models Find?
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The Incredible Shrinking Clock
StartMaximizeStopStartMinimizeStopStartRestoreStop
!
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StartMinimizeStopStartRestoreDate
That Was the Year that Wasn’t
!
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What Kinds of Bugs do Models NOT Find?
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Where is Model-Based Testing
Heading?
1. Security Testing2. Shortening Bug Repro Scenarios3. Meaningful Regression Testing
4. Machine Learning?
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Security Testing
“The testing method developed in the PROTOS project is uniquely practical .... Tests are conducted by bombing software with illegally formatted or unexpected input.”
Tekes - National Technology Agency of Finland
CERT Advisories
• CA-2001-18 Multiple Vulnerabilities in LDAP Implementations
• CA-2002-03 Multiple Vulnerabilities in SNMP Implementations
• CA-2003-06 Multiple Vulnerabilities in SIP Implementations
• CA-2003-11 Multiple Vulnerabilities in Lotus Notes and Domino
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Shortening Repro Scenarios
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The Motivation“The fewer steps that it takes to reproduce a bug, the fewer places the programmer has to look (usually).
If you make it easier to find the cause and test the change, you reduce the effort required to fix the problem. Easy bugs gets fixed even if they are minor.“
- from Testing Computer Software
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The Beeline Approach
1. Choose any 2 nodes in the repro path
2. Find the shortest path between them
3. Execute the spliced ‘shortcut’ path
4. Evaluate the results and repeat
A repro path is simply another traversal through the state model, so …
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1
3
The repro path reduction problem
2
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1
3
2
Random walk finds a bug
… but the repro path is inconveniently long
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1
3
2
1. Choose any 2 nodes in the path
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1
3
2. Find shortest path between them
2
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1
3
2
The bug repro’ed - this is the new shortest path
3. Execute the spliced shortcut path
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1
3
2
Continue trimming …
A
B
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1
3
2
… until you stop.
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Why Use a Model for Reducing?
• The model can detect (and therefore reduce) both crashing AND non-crashing bugs.
• Finding a shortcut is simple in a model, so the reduction is more efficient.
• Finding bugs is good. Getting them fixed is better.
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That Was The Year That Wasn’t
StartMinimizeStopStartRestoreDate
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
An 84-step repro sequence
invoke about ok_about no_title doubleclick seconds restore seconds doubleclick doubleclick date about ok_about restore gmt maximize doubleclick doubleclick date seconds date close_clock invoke close_clock invoke close_clock invoke seconds date restore about ok_about no_title doubleclickdigital doubleclick doubleclick no_title doubleclick no_title doubleclick seconds restore restore doubleclick doubleclick gmtanalog maximize date digital minimize restore minimizeclose_clock invoke restore digital date minimize close_clock invoke maximize gmt digital restore doubleclick doubleclickabout ok_about maximize digital digital digital seconds analog about ok_about about ok_about minimize close_clock invoke restore date
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Reducing the Sequence:
• Initial path length: 84 steps• Shortcut attempt 2 : repro sequence: 83 steps• Shortcut attempt 3 : repro sequence: 64 steps• Shortcut attempt 4 : repro sequence: 37 steps• Shortcut attempt 5 : repro sequence: 11 steps• Shortcut attempt 7 : repro sequence: 9 steps• Shortcut attempt 20 : repro sequence: 8 steps• Shortcut attempt 29 : repro sequence: 6 steps
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
# Repro Steps Over Time
0102030405060708090
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
# of Shortcut Attempts
# of
Rep
ro S
teps
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© 2006 Harry Robinson, Google
Useful Regression Testing
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Q: What scenario does a developer use to test a fix?A: The repro scenario you provided!
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The Motivation
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The Gawain* Approach
1. Assign the same weight to each arc in a graph
2. Choose a path through the graph
3. Assign a low weight to each arc in that path
4. Exercise paths in graph in weight-increasing order
* Graph Algorithm Without An Interesting Name
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5
5
55 5 5
5 5 5
Assign the same weight to each arc
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5 5 5 5
5
55 5 5
Choose a path through the graph
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1 1 1 1
5
55 5 5
Assign a lower weight to each arc in that path
Weight of this path = 4
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1
55 5 5
1 1 1
5
Execute all paths with total weight less than some amount “X”
E.g., weight of this path = 8
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1 1 1 1
5
55 5 5
Weight of this path = 8
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1
55 5 5
1 1 1
5
Weight of this path = 8
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1
55 5 5
1 1 1
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Weight of this path = 9
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1 1 1 1
5
55 5 5
Weight of this path = 11
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1 1 1
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You end up “Cocooning” the regression path
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Machine Learning?
New bugfix here.
This feature is new.
This developeris new.
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Observations onModel-Based Testing
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Why Does Model-Based Testing Work?
speed
complexity
model
system under test
“… I think that less than 10 percent of most programs’ code is specific to the application. Furthermore, that 10 percent is often the easiest 10 percent. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to build a model program to use as an oracle.”
–Boris Beizer, Black Box Testing, p.63
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0100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000
1 tester, 1 cpu 2 testers, 2 cpus 1 tester, 10 cpus
cpu costtester cost
52000hrs/yr
2080hrs/yr
4160hrs/yr
$Economics of Model-Based Testing
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Metrics Issues
Should you count bugs you prevented?
Should you count how many test cases you’ve generated?
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Benefits of Model-Based Testing
• Easy test case maintenance• Reduced costs• More test cases• Early bug detection• Increased bug count• Time savings• Time to address bigger test issues• Improved tester job satisfaction
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Obstacles to Model-Based Testing• Comfort factor
– This is not your parents’ test automation
• Skill sets– Need testers who can design
• Expectations– Models can be a significant upfront investment– Will never catch all the bugs
• Metrics– Bad metrics: bug counts, number of test cases– Better metrics: spec coverage, code coverage
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A Useful Resource
The Model-Based Testing Home Page
www.model-based-testing.org
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Recommended reading
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Thank you!