Download - START-HERE Ch11 Lecture
Chapter 11The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea
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Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case
Q&A Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that must absorb their nutrients by simple diffusion. The dimensions of T. namibiensis are several hundred times larger than most bacteria, much too large for simple diffusion to operate. How does the bacterium solve this problem?
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The Prokaryotes
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Domain Bacteria Proteobacteria From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes Gram-negative Chemoheterotrophic
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The AlphaproteobacteriaLearning Objective 11-1 Differentiate the alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Alphaproteobacteria Pelagibacter ubique Discovered by FISH technique 20% of prokaryotes in oceans 0.5% of all prokaryotes 1354 genes
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The Alphaproteobacteria Human pathogens Bartonella B. henselae: Cat-scratch disease Brucella: Brucellosis Ehrlichia: Tickborne
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The Alphaproteobacteria Obligate intracellular parasites Ehrlichia: Tickborne, ehrlichiosis Rickettsia: Arthropod-borne, spotted fevers R. prowazekii: Epidemic typhus R. typhi: Endemic murine typhus R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Rickettsias
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Figure 11.1
The Alphaproteobacteria Wolbachia: Live in insects and other animals
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Applications p. 307
Wolbachia
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Applications p. 307
The Alphaproteobacteria Have prosthecae Caulobacter: Stalked bacteria found in lakes
Hyphomicrobium: Budding bacteria found in lakes
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Figures 11.2b, 11.3
The Alphaproteobacteria Plant pathogen Agrobacterium: Insert a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
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Figure 9.19
The Alphaproteobacteria Chemoautotrophic Oxidize nitrogen for energy Fix CO2 Nitrobacter: NH3 p NO2 Nitrosomonas: NO2 p NO3
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The Alphaproteobacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Azospirillum Grow in soil, using nutrients excreted by plants Fix nitrogen Rhizobium Fix nitrogen in the roots of plants
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Figure 27.5
The Alphaproteobacteria Produce acetic acid from ethanol Acetobacter Gluconobacter
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Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-1
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The BetaproteobacteriaLearning Objective 11-2 Differentiate the betaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Betaproteobacteria Thiobacillus Chemoautotrophic; oxidize sulfur: H2S p SO42
Sphaerotilus Chemoheterotophic; form sheaths
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Figure 11.5
The Betaproteobacteria Neisseria Chemoheterotrophic; cocci N. meningitidis N. gonorrhoeae
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Figure 11.6
The Betaproteobacteria Spirillum Chemoheterotrophic; helical
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Figure 11.4
The Betaproteobacteria Bordetella Chemoheterotrophic; rods B. pertussis
Burkholderia Nosocomial infections
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Figure 24.7
The Betaproteobacteria Zoogloea Slimy masses in aerobic sewage-treatment processes
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Figure 27.20
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of betaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-2
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The GammaproteobacteriaLearning Objective 11-3 Differentiate the gammaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas Opportunistic pathogens Metabolically diverse Polar flagella
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Figure 11.7
The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales Moraxella Conjunctivitis Azotobacter and Azomonas Nitrogen fixing
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The Gammaproteobacteria Legionellales Legionella Found in streams, warm-water pipes, cooling towers L. pneumophilia Coxiella Q fever transmitted via aerosols or milk
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Figure 24.14b
The Gammaproteobacteria Vibrionales Found in coastal water Vibrio cholerae causes cholera V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis
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Figure 11.8
The Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics) Peritrichous flagella; facultatively anaerobic
Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia
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The Gammaproteobacteria
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Figure 11.9a
The Gammaproteobacteria
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Figure 11.9b
The Gammaproteobacteria Pasteurellales Pasteurella Cause pneumonia and septicemia Haemophilus Require X (heme) and V (NAD+, NADP+) factors
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The Gammaproteobacteria Beggiatoa Chemoautotrophic; oxidize H2S to S0 for energy
Francisella Chemoheterotrophic; tularemia
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Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the orders of gammaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-3
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The DeltaproteobacteriaLearning Objective 11-4 Differentiate the deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Deltaproteobacteria Bdellovibrio Prey on other bacteria
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Figure 11.10
The Deltaproteobacteria
Desulfovibrionales Use S instead of O2 as final electron acceptor
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The Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Gliding Cells aggregate to form myxospores
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Figure 11.11
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the deltaproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-4
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The EpsilonproteobacteriaLearning Objective 11-5 Differentiate the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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The Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter One polar flagellum Gastroenteritis
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The Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter Multiple flagella Peptic ulcers Stomach cancer
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Figure 11.12
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the epsilonproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-5
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Nonproteobacteria Gram-Negative BacteriaLearning Objectives 11-6 Differentiate the groups of nonproteobacteria gram-negative bacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key. 11-7 Compare and contrast purple and green photosynthetic bacteria with the cyanobacteria.
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Phototrophic Oxygenic photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesislight
2H2O + CO2
(CH2O) + H2O + O2
2H2S + CO2
light
(CH2O) + H2O + 2S0
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Oxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria Cyanobacteria Gliding motility Fix nitrogen
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Cyanobacteria
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Figure 11.13
Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria Purple sulfur Purple nonsulfur Green sulfur Green nonsulfur
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Purple Sulfur Bacteria
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Figure 11.14
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the gramnegative nonproteobacteria described in this chapter. 11-6 Both the purple and green photosynthetic bacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria use plantlike photosynthesis to make carbohydrates. In what way does the photosynthesis carried out by these two groups differ from plant photosynthesis? 11-7Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Gram-Positive BacteriaLearning Objectives 11-8 Differentiate the genera of firmicutes described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key. 11-9 Differentiate the actinobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key.
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Firmicutes Low G + C Gram-positive
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Clostridiales Clostridium Endospore-producing Obligate anaerobes
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Figure 11.15
Clostridiales Epulopiscium
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Figure 11.16
Bacillales Bacillus Endosporeproducing rods
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Figure 11.17b
Bacillales Staphylococcus Cocci
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Figure 11.18
Lactobacillales Generally aerotolerant anaerobes; lack an electrontransport chain Lactobacillus Streptococcus Enterococcus Listeria
[Insert Figure 11.19]
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Figure 11.19
Mycoplasmatales Wall-less; pleomorphic 0.1 - 0.24 m M. pneumoniae
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Figure 11.20a, b
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the low G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter. 11-8
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Actinobacteria High G + C Gram-positive
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Actinobacteria Actinomyces Corynebacterium Frankia Gardnerella Mycobacterium Nocardia Propionibacterium Streptomyces
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Streptomyces
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Figure 11.21
Streptomyces
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Figure 11.21
Actinomyces
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Figure 11.22
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish the high G + C gram-positive bacteria described in this chapter. 11-9
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Nonproteobacteria Gram-NegativesLearning Objective 11-10 Differentiate among Planctomycetes, chlamydias, spirochetes, Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria by drawing a dichotomous key.
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Planctomycetes Gemmata obscuriglobus Double internal membrane around DNA
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Figure 11.23
Chlamydias Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma STI, urethritis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci Psittacosis
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Figure 11.24b
Life Cycle of the Chlamydias
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Figure 11.24a
Spirochetes Borrelia Leptospira Treponema
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Figure 11.25
Bacteroidetes Anaerobic Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil
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Fusobacteria Fusobacterium Are found in the mouth May be involved in dental diseases
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Figure 11.26
Check Your Understanding Make a dichotomous key to distinguish Planctomycetes, chlamydias, spirochetes, Bacteroidetes, Cytophaga, and Fusobacteria. 11-10
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Domain ArchaeaLearning Objective 11-11 Name a habitat for each group of archaea.
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Domain ArchaeaExtremophiles Hyperthermophiles Pyrodictium Sulfolobus
Methanogens Methanobacterium
Extreme halophiles Halobacterium
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Archaea
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Figure 11.27
Check Your Understanding What kind of archaea would populate solar evaporating ponds? 11-11
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Microbial DiversityLearning Objective 11-12 List two factors that contribute to the limits of our knowledge of microbial diversity.
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Microbial Diversity Bacteria size range Thiomargarita (750 m) Nanobacteria (0.02 m) in rocks
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Figure 11.28
Microbial Diversity PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil. Many bacteria have not been identified because they Haven't been cultured Need special nutrients Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and ecological role
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Q&A Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that must absorb their nutrients by simple diffusion. The dimensions of T. namibiensis are several hundred times larger than most bacteria, much too large for simple diffusion to operate. How does the bacterium solve this problem?Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Check Your Understanding How can you detect the presence of a bacterium that cannot be cultured? 11-12
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