Download - Stars, RED SHIFT AND The Big Bang
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Stars, RED SHIFT AND
The Big Bang
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S1-4-07a Investigate how scientists examine light from stars and describe the types of information revealed.
S1-4-07b Compare and contrast scientific and cultural perspectives on the origin and evolution of the universe.
KEY WORDSLuminosity Apparent magnitudeAbsolute magnitude Electromagnetic spectrumSpectroscope Doppler Effect
Red Shift SingularityBig BangAstronomy Cosmology
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Stars - classified by luminosity, temperature and mass.
Luminosity (brightness)There are two amounts (magnitudes) of brightness:
• Apparent magnitude – brightness as we see it• Absolute magnitude – actually brightness
The Sun has a higher apparent magnitude, since it is so much closer than other stars
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Star B looks brighter – more apparent magnitude
Star B is closer to us than Star A
Star B and A have the same absolute magnitude
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Temperature and ColourColour – shows how much energy a star emits.• Colder star glows red• Hotter star glows bluish white or even blue
Colour Temperature (oC) Example
Blue 25,000 – 50, 000
Bluish-white 11,000 – 25,000 Rigel (Orion’s belt)
White 7,500 – 11,000 Sirius (brightest)
Yellowish-white 6,000 – 7,500 Polaris
Yellow 5,000 – 6,000 Sun
Orange 3,500 – 5,000
Red 2,000 – 3,500 P. Centauri (closest)
Despite being cooler, the Sun is still bigger than about 95% of stars
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Notice bigger stars are not necessarily hotter…but usually
brighter
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Analyzing Star light
• Scientists use a spectroscope to analyse the light energy coming from stars
• Light is a type of energy called: Electromagnetic Energy
Spectroscope - splits light up into a pattern of colours, like a rainbow.
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Types of Electromagnetic energy
Low energyHigh energyROY G BIV
Red light is low energy – cool
Blue is high energy - hot
Because of the shape of the waves, the colours always separate into the same organized pattern
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• Visible section is the energy waves we can see• Energy waves we cannot see:ultraviolet, infrared, x-rays, microwaves, radiowaves, gamma rays
• Heated compounds give off a unique spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Scientists have heated elements and recorded the unique light energy patterns
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The black lines in the spectrum are used to identify the elements that make up the star.
Each element in the star absorbs unique parts of the light energy as it is released.
Showing as the “black” lines of missing energy
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The “missing” black lines in the spectra of the Sun match well with the emission spectra of
Hydrogen but not with Mercury
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There is evidence that the universe is expanding: - Red-shift of light from stars and galaxies - Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation - Gravitational waves (new)
ROY G BIV
We’re going to focus on the oldest, and simplest – “red-shift”
Light waves work exactly like any other wave: Waves can be far apart - long wavelength Waves can be close together - short wavelength
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Waves are also affected by motion. The noticeable effect is called the Doppler Effect.
Stationary:all waves move outward evenly
Moving – compressed in front, spread out in back
You have experienced this effect with sound waves
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Higher pitch Lower pitch
You brain hears the distorted wave pattern as a different sound then is really being made by the ambulance
Doppler effect:Sound waves
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You brain sees the distorted wave pattern as a different colour then is really being made by the object
Doppler effect:Light waves
Blue shift Red shift
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• a compressed green light appears more blue “blue shift”• a s t r e t c h e d green light appears more red “red shift”
Your eyes don’t know what colour it “should” be, it can only interpret the waves it sees – it can’t tell the difference
between “red” and “stretched green”
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• Spectra of ALL stars and galaxies show red shift• Far away galaxies show more red shift - faster
“red shift” spectra
“blue shift” spectra
Normal spectra
Evidence that the universe is expanding and speeding up too – think of it as the first half of an explosion
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The universe is expanding:• Must have started out from one point –
singularityReverse the explosion – the Universe must have started from a packed, dense mass of material under pressure
Big Bang • Rapid expansion of Universe from the singularity • Evidence suggests Universe is 14 billion years
old• Scientists cannot yet explain all “how” or “why”• Not the only explanation of the universe origin
BUT beliefs are not theories – only scientific theories can be tested and proven
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Astronomy – study of all objects in the universe.
Cosmology – study of the origin of the universe.
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CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS?
S1-4-07a:
What information can scientists get by looking at light?
How is a spectroscope used to identify star elements?
S1-4-07b:
How is the Doppler Effect used as evidence for the Big Bang?
KEY WORDSLuminosity Apparent magnitudeAbsolute magnitude Electromagnetic spectrumSpectroscope Doppler EffectRed Shift Singularity
Big BangAstronomy Cosmology