Download - SS 11 Quebec After WWII Powerpoint copy.ppt
Québec After Québec After WWIIWWII
Ch. 8 (p. 191-204)Ch. 8 (p. 191-204)
The Duplessis EraThe Duplessis Era From Great Depression to 1959, Québec From Great Depression to 1959, Québec
controlled by Premier Maurice Duplessis and controlled by Premier Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale governmenthis Union Nationale government Believed in Québec nationalism, not just another Believed in Québec nationalism, not just another
provinceprovince Ruled Québec with an iron fistRuled Québec with an iron fist
Strongly anti-union, anti-communist (Padlock Law)Strongly anti-union, anti-communist (Padlock Law) Encouraged foreign/outside investment in QuébecEncouraged foreign/outside investment in Québec Much bribery and corruption, “kickbacks”Much bribery and corruption, “kickbacks”
Defender of traditional French cultureDefender of traditional French culture Roman Catholic Church ran most hospitals and schoolsRoman Catholic Church ran most hospitals and schools Québec fell behind in fields of science, engineering, Québec fell behind in fields of science, engineering,
businessbusiness
Maurice DuplessisMaurice Duplessis
The Quiet RevolutionThe Quiet Revolution 1960: Liberal Jean Lesage becomes Premier 1960: Liberal Jean Lesage becomes Premier
after Duplessis diesafter Duplessis dies Election slogan: “Time for a change”Election slogan: “Time for a change” Promises to get rid of government corruptionPromises to get rid of government corruption Restrictions lifted on unions, wages go upRestrictions lifted on unions, wages go up Modernization of Québec – “Modernization of Québec – “The Quiet The Quiet
RevolutionRevolution”” Government takes control of social services and Government takes control of social services and
schoolsschools Catholic Church less influentialCatholic Church less influential Quebec economy increasingly controlled by Québec, Quebec economy increasingly controlled by Québec,
specifically Francophones (French speakers)specifically Francophones (French speakers) Gov. buys out (nationalizes) power companies, creates Hydro-Gov. buys out (nationalizes) power companies, creates Hydro-
QuébecQuébec Maitres chez nousMaitres chez nous – “Masters in our own house” – “Masters in our own house”
The Birth of SeparatismThe Birth of Separatism As the Quiet Revolution progressed, some As the Quiet Revolution progressed, some
Québecois (French Canadiens)Québecois (French Canadiens) became became angry over the influence of English-speakers angry over the influence of English-speakers in Québec, and the lack of influence in Québec, and the lack of influence Québecois had in the federal governmentQuébecois had in the federal government Not many Québec MPs in federal cabinetNot many Québec MPs in federal cabinet Many English schools in Québec, few French Many English schools in Québec, few French
schools in rest of Canadaschools in rest of Canada Québecois expected to speak English at work, in Québecois expected to speak English at work, in
storesstores Some Québecois believed in Some Québecois believed in French French
nationalismnationalism and and separationseparation from Canada from Canada was the answerwas the answer
The Birth of SeparatismThe Birth of Separatism
Some young extremists join separatist terrorist Some young extremists join separatist terrorist groupsgroups Felt change moving too slowlyFelt change moving too slowly Most prominent was Most prominent was Front de libération du Québec Front de libération du Québec
(FLQ)(FLQ) 1960s: Bombed mailboxes, office buildings, Montreal 1960s: Bombed mailboxes, office buildings, Montreal
stock exchange (English symbols); robbed banks; stock exchange (English symbols); robbed banks; several people killed, dozens injuredseveral people killed, dozens injured
Most Québecois disapproved of actionsMost Québecois disapproved of actions 1968: MLA René Lévesque leaves Liberals 1968: MLA René Lévesque leaves Liberals
(unhappy with refusal to discuss separatism), forms (unhappy with refusal to discuss separatism), forms provincial separatist party provincial separatist party Parti Québecois (PQ)Parti Québecois (PQ)
FLQFLQ
p. 193
René LévesqueRené Lévesque
Pearson’s ResponsePearson’s Response
Prime Minister Prime Minister Lester B. PearsonLester B. Pearson moved moved to avoid a separatist crisisto avoid a separatist crisis 1963: Appointed 1963: Appointed Royal Commission on Royal Commission on
Bilingualism and BiculturalismBilingualism and Biculturalism Recommended Canada should become officially Recommended Canada should become officially
bilingualbilingual 1965: Replaced old Canadian flag based on 1965: Replaced old Canadian flag based on
British Union Jack with British Union Jack with maple leaf flagmaple leaf flag Many English-Canadians saw this as pandering to Many English-Canadians saw this as pandering to
QuébecQuébec Québecois still preferred provincial Québecois still preferred provincial fleur-de-lisfleur-de-lis flag flag
FlagsFlags
Trudeau’s ResponseTrudeau’s Response Pierre TrudeauPierre Trudeau becomes PM in 1968 becomes PM in 1968 Continues Pearson’s work to keep Québec in CanadaContinues Pearson’s work to keep Québec in Canada
1969: Passes 1969: Passes Official Languages ActOfficial Languages Act, making Canada , making Canada officially bilingualofficially bilingual
Government must provide services in both English and FrenchGovernment must provide services in both English and French French-immersion schools available across countryFrench-immersion schools available across country
Appointed more French-speaking MPs to cabinetAppointed more French-speaking MPs to cabinet Encourages English-Canadians to learn about Québec Encourages English-Canadians to learn about Québec
cultureculture Some Canadians in favour of bilingualism, others Some Canadians in favour of bilingualism, others
not (especially in western provinces)not (especially in western provinces) Many did not believe French useful to themMany did not believe French useful to them Felt gov. focusing too much on Québec, ignoring rest of Felt gov. focusing too much on Québec, ignoring rest of
CanadaCanada Some Québecois felt policies not enough, wanted Québec Some Québecois felt policies not enough, wanted Québec
given “given “special statusspecial status”, but Trudeau refused”, but Trudeau refused
BilingualismBilingualism
The October CrisisThe October Crisis October 1970: FLQ in Montréal kidnaps October 1970: FLQ in Montréal kidnaps James James
CrossCross, a British diplomat, a British diplomat Demand as ransom release of FLQ members in prisonDemand as ransom release of FLQ members in prison Federal and provincial governments refuse to release Federal and provincial governments refuse to release
FLQ prisonersFLQ prisoners FLQ kidnap Pierre Laporte, Québec Minister of LabourFLQ kidnap Pierre Laporte, Québec Minister of Labour PM Trudeau invokes PM Trudeau invokes War Measures ActWar Measures Act
Believed violent revolution beginningBelieved violent revolution beginning First time War Measures Act used when not at warFirst time War Measures Act used when not at war Allows police to arrest and jail suspects without warrants or Allows police to arrest and jail suspects without warrants or
trialstrials FLQ outlawed, troops patrol Ottawa and MontréalFLQ outlawed, troops patrol Ottawa and Montréal 450 suspects arrested during crisis, most released without 450 suspects arrested during crisis, most released without
chargescharges
The October CrisisThe October Crisis
The October CrisisThe October Crisis
The October CrisisThe October Crisis
The October Crisis- The The October Crisis- The AftermathAftermath
Much controversy over Trudeau’s use of the Much controversy over Trudeau’s use of the War Measures ActWar Measures Act Many believed it went too far in taking away civil Many believed it went too far in taking away civil
rightsrights PM Trudeau said it was necessary to fight PM Trudeau said it was necessary to fight
terrorismterrorism October 17: body of Pierre Laporte found in October 17: body of Pierre Laporte found in
trunk of car near Montréal airporttrunk of car near Montréal airport PM Trudeau gets more support for War Measures PM Trudeau gets more support for War Measures
ActAct Dec. 1970: kidnappers of James Cross found, Dec. 1970: kidnappers of James Cross found,
his release traded for safe passage to Cubahis release traded for safe passage to Cuba Kidnappers of Laporte later found, convicted Kidnappers of Laporte later found, convicted
of kidnapping and murderof kidnapping and murder
The October CrisisThe October Crisis
The PQ in PowerThe PQ in Power 1976: PQ win Québec election, 1976: PQ win Québec election, Rene LévesqueRene Lévesque
premierpremier Lévesque promises to hold a Lévesque promises to hold a referendumreferendum (vote on an (vote on an
issue) on whether to separate from Canada or notissue) on whether to separate from Canada or not In the meantime, PQ pass In the meantime, PQ pass Bill 101Bill 101
Made French the only official language in QuébecMade French the only official language in Québec All signs must be in French onlyAll signs must be in French only Provincial employees must work in FrenchProvincial employees must work in French Kids must go to French schools, unless they have an Kids must go to French schools, unless they have an
English-speaking parentEnglish-speaking parent French-speakers in favour of Bill, felt French culture French-speakers in favour of Bill, felt French culture
slipping awayslipping away English-speakers disagree with Bill, felt it was oppressiveEnglish-speakers disagree with Bill, felt it was oppressive
The 1980 ReferendumThe 1980 Referendum 1980: Lévesque calls a referendum1980: Lévesque calls a referendum
Asks for support to negotiate a Asks for support to negotiate a sovereignty-sovereignty-associationassociation with federal government with federal government Québec would be politically separate from Québec would be politically separate from
Canada, but remain linked economicallyCanada, but remain linked economically PM Trudeau was a PM Trudeau was a federalistfederalist and against and against
Québec separatismQuébec separatism Campaigns for the “non” sideCampaigns for the “non” side Promises to negotiate a Promises to negotiate a new Constitutionnew Constitution if if
Québec staysQuébec stays Result: 40% vote “oui” to separate, 60% vote Result: 40% vote “oui” to separate, 60% vote
“non”“non” Lévesque accepts defeat, but encourages Lévesque accepts defeat, but encourages
separatists not to give upseparatists not to give up
The 1980 ReferendumThe 1980 Referendum
Patriating the Patriating the ConstitutionConstitution
PM Trudeau keeps his promise, begins PM Trudeau keeps his promise, begins negotiating an updated Constitutionnegotiating an updated Constitution Canada still governed by Canada still governed by BNA Act (1867)BNA Act (1867)
Could not be changed without permission from Could not be changed without permission from British ParliamentBritish Parliament
Trudeau wants to Trudeau wants to “patriate”“patriate” the Constitution the Constitution (bring it home to Canada), be able to make (bring it home to Canada), be able to make changes without British permissionchanges without British permission
Wants to clarify the Wants to clarify the basic rightsbasic rights of Canadians of Canadians Needs support of provinces, though Needs support of provinces, though
Creating a new Creating a new Constitution…Constitution…
Amending formulaAmending formula and rules of the and rules of the Charter of Rights and FreedomsCharter of Rights and Freedoms must must first be agreed uponfirst be agreed upon Provinces want more say over changing of Provinces want more say over changing of
Constitution, possible veto-powerConstitution, possible veto-power Provinces want to be able to opt-out of CharterProvinces want to be able to opt-out of Charter
Worried that courts would become more powerful than Worried that courts would become more powerful than provincial governmentsprovincial governments
Québec afraid that Charter would be used to weaken Québec afraid that Charter would be used to weaken Bill 101Bill 101
1980-81: Extended negotiations between 1980-81: Extended negotiations between provincial premiers and federal government provincial premiers and federal government largely unsuccessful largely unsuccessful
Constitutional Constitutional NegotiationsNegotiations
Patriating the Patriating the ConstitutionConstitution
4 Nov. 1981: final desperate attempt to 4 Nov. 1981: final desperate attempt to come to agreement at hotel in Ottawacome to agreement at hotel in Ottawa Federal Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and a Federal Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and a
couple provincial politicians hammer out a final couple provincial politicians hammer out a final agreement between federal gov. and provincesagreement between federal gov. and provinces Called “Called “Kitchen CompromiseKitchen Compromise” or “Kitchen Accord” ” or “Kitchen Accord”
because written in hotel kitchen in middle of the because written in hotel kitchen in middle of the nightnight
Provincial premiers woken up in hotel to sign the dealProvincial premiers woken up in hotel to sign the deal Québec premier Lévesque staying at other hotel, surprised Québec premier Lévesque staying at other hotel, surprised
by deal in the morning, refuses to agree to it, wants by deal in the morning, refuses to agree to it, wants referendum on Constitutionreferendum on Constitution
Referred to as “Night of the Long Knives” in QuébecReferred to as “Night of the Long Knives” in Québec Compromise includes current Compromise includes current amending formulaamending formula
and the and the notwithstanding clausenotwithstanding clause, allowing provinces , allowing provinces to opt-out of Charterto opt-out of Charter
Kitchen CompromiseKitchen Compromise
Patriating the Patriating the ConstitutionConstitution
PM Trudeau goes ahead with new PM Trudeau goes ahead with new Constitution without Québec’s agreementConstitution without Québec’s agreement
17 April 1982: 17 April 1982: Constitution ActConstitution Act signed by signed by Queen Elizabeth II and PM Trudeau in Queen Elizabeth II and PM Trudeau in OttawaOttawa
Canada now completely independent, last Canada now completely independent, last step in gaining step in gaining autonomyautonomy from Great from Great BritainBritain
Many in Québec feel betrayed by federal Many in Québec feel betrayed by federal government and other provincesgovernment and other provinces
Patriating the Patriating the ConstitutionConstitution
Further Constitution Further Constitution DebateDebate
1984: Brian Mulroney, campaigning to become 1984: Brian Mulroney, campaigning to become next PM, promises to “fix” Constitution so next PM, promises to “fix” Constitution so Québec would sign itQuébec would sign it
1987: PM Mulroney holds conference with 1987: PM Mulroney holds conference with premiers at premiers at Meech LakeMeech Lake, Québec, come up with , Québec, come up with several changes to the Constitution – several changes to the Constitution – Meech Meech Lake AccordLake Accord Québec to be recognized as a Québec to be recognized as a ““distinct societydistinct society”” Change to amending formula to allow provincial Change to amending formula to allow provincial
vetoesvetoes More provincial control over immigration, more More provincial control over immigration, more
input in appointment of senators and Supreme Court input in appointment of senators and Supreme Court judgesjudges
Further Constitutional Further Constitutional DebateDebate
Meech Lake Accord requires all provinces to Meech Lake Accord requires all provinces to agree to it within three years before it becomes agree to it within three years before it becomes lawlaw Much debate over the AccordMuch debate over the Accord
Trudeau against the Accord, “distinct society” would Trudeau against the Accord, “distinct society” would isolate Québecisolate Québec
First Nations led by First Nations led by Elijah HarperElijah Harper argue that they should argue that they should be recognized as a distinct society as wellbe recognized as a distinct society as well
Many Canadians want more input into the AccordMany Canadians want more input into the Accord 1990: deadline to agree to the Accord passes without 1990: deadline to agree to the Accord passes without
Manitoba and Newfoundland agreeing, Accord failsManitoba and Newfoundland agreeing, Accord fails Many in Québec feel betrayed again, more support for Many in Québec feel betrayed again, more support for
separatismseparatism MP MP Lucien BouchardLucien Bouchard leaves Conservative Party and forms leaves Conservative Party and forms
the the Bloc QuébécoisBloc Québécois (BQ) (BQ), a federal separatist party, a federal separatist party
Meech Lake AccordMeech Lake Accord
Further Constitutional Further Constitutional DebateDebate
PM Mulroney tries again to amend the PM Mulroney tries again to amend the ConstitutionConstitution Learned from mistakes of Meech Lake AccordLearned from mistakes of Meech Lake Accord Seeks out input from Canadians on Constitutional Seeks out input from Canadians on Constitutional
changes in meetings across the countrychanges in meetings across the country With recommendations from citizens and With recommendations from citizens and
premiers, comes up with the premiers, comes up with the Charlottetown Charlottetown AccordAccord Québec to be recognized as a “Québec to be recognized as a “distinct societydistinct society”” Senate to be electedSenate to be elected Supported Supported Aboriginal self-governmentAboriginal self-government ““Canada ClauseCanada Clause” – proposed official Canadian values” – proposed official Canadian values
Charlottetown AccordCharlottetown Accord
http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5uLPu4GTUQv=e5uLPu4GTUQ
Further Constitutional Further Constitutional DebateDebate
Charlottetown AccordCharlottetown Accord to be decided upon in to be decided upon in a national referendum in October 1992a national referendum in October 1992 54.5% of Canadian vote against it54.5% of Canadian vote against it Many clauses in the Accord, easy to find Many clauses in the Accord, easy to find
something to disagree withsomething to disagree with BC: 68.3% vote against itBC: 68.3% vote against it
Felt would give Québec too much power (min. 25% of Felt would give Québec too much power (min. 25% of MPs)MPs)
Québec: 56.7% vote against itQuébec: 56.7% vote against it Not happy with many Senate seats going to Western Not happy with many Senate seats going to Western
provincesprovinces Aboriginal self-government would limit power in N. Aboriginal self-government would limit power in N.
QuébecQuébec
Charlottetown AccordCharlottetown Accord
Resurgence of Resurgence of SeparatismSeparatism
Québec frustrated with Constitution developmentsQuébec frustrated with Constitution developments Rise in support for separatismRise in support for separatism 1993: separatist Bloc Québécois (BQ) win second most 1993: separatist Bloc Québécois (BQ) win second most
seats in federal election, becomes official oppositionseats in federal election, becomes official opposition Leader Lucien BouchardLeader Lucien Bouchard
1994: separatist Parti Québécois (PQ) elected 1994: separatist Parti Québécois (PQ) elected provinciallyprovincially
Premier Jacques Parizeau promises referendum on full Premier Jacques Parizeau promises referendum on full sovereignty (political independence), not sovereignty-sovereignty (political independence), not sovereignty-associationassociation
1995: referendum called for October1995: referendum called for October PM Chrétien campaigns strongly for “non” sidePM Chrétien campaigns strongly for “non” side Bouchard and Parizeau lead “oui” sideBouchard and Parizeau lead “oui” side
Parizeau and BouchardParizeau and Bouchard
Resurgence of Resurgence of SeparatismSeparatism
Large rallies and ad campaigns held for both Large rallies and ad campaigns held for both sidessides
Debate over wording of referendum question:Debate over wording of referendum question: Do you agree that Québec should become Do you agree that Québec should become
sovereign after having made a formal offer to sovereign after having made a formal offer to Canada for a new economic and political Canada for a new economic and political partnership within the scope of the bill respecting partnership within the scope of the bill respecting the future of Québec and of the agreement signed the future of Québec and of the agreement signed on June 12, 1995?on June 12, 1995?
““Non” side believes question is confusing, unclearNon” side believes question is confusing, unclear Oct. 1995: “Non” side barely winsOct. 1995: “Non” side barely wins
50.6% “non”, 49.4% “oui”50.6% “non”, 49.4% “oui”
1995 Referendum1995 Referendum
Resurgence of Resurgence of SeparatismSeparatism
AftermathAftermath Extremely narrow margin devastating for “oui” Extremely narrow margin devastating for “oui”
side, shocking for “non” sideside, shocking for “non” side PM Chrétien and Liberals pass the PM Chrétien and Liberals pass the Clarity BillClarity Bill
Would require a very clear question in any future Would require a very clear question in any future referendum on separatismreferendum on separatism
Separatism would require a “clear majority”, not just Separatism would require a “clear majority”, not just 50% + 150% + 1
What is a “clear majority”?What is a “clear majority”?
Support in Québec for separatism has decreasedSupport in Québec for separatism has decreased Québec Liberal Party in power since 2003Québec Liberal Party in power since 2003 BQ still popular in Québec, but not focused on BQ still popular in Québec, but not focused on
separatismseparatism