Presented By:
ARATHI SAILESH E-mail: [email protected], Ph: 9949645394
CH. SANDHYA RANI E-mail: [email protected], Ph: 9949063667
CSE II/IV
SRIDEVI WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGEV.N.PALLY, GANDIPET, HYDERABAD.
Abstract:
A new era on medicine are expected
to happen in the coming years. Due to
the advances in the field of nano-
technology, nanodevice manu-
facturing has been growing gradually.
From such achievements in
nanotechnology, and recent results in
biotechnology and genetics, the first
operating biological nanorobots are
expected to appear in the coming 5
years, and nanorobots that are more
complex will become available in
about 10 years. In terms of time, it
means a very near better future with
significant improvements in medicine.
In this paper, we present a practical
approach taken on developing
nanorobots for medicine in the sense
of using computational nano-
mechatronics techniques as ancillary
tools for investigating manufacturing
design, nanosystems integration,
sensing and actuation for medicine
applications. Thus, the work describes
pathways that could enable design
testability, but also help scientists and
profit corporations in providing the
helpful information needed to test and
design integrated devises and
solutions towards manufacturing
biomedical nano-robots.
The use of robots in surgery has
provided additional tools for surgeons
enabling minimally invasive
intervention or even long distance
tele-operated surgeries. Indeed, we
may trust on human creativeness and
technical capabilities that can ever be
improved in terms of technical
achievements. In recent years, the
medicine has enabled significant
wellness for the life quality and
longevity of the world population.
Moreover, for the coming years, we
may be prepared to experiment even
more benefits, as results from
advances that are being pursued
gradually in new fields of science,
such as nanobiotechnlogy.
This quote from "The Next Big
Thing Is Really Small” How
Nanotechnology Will Change the
Future of the world.
Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology is a field of applied
science and technology covering a
broad range of topics. The main
unifying theme is the control of matter
on a scale smaller than one
micrometer, as well as the fabrication
of devices on this same length scale.
Applications of nanotechnologies:
Medicine
Diagnostics
Drug delivery
Tissue engineering
Chemistry and environment
Catalysis
Filtration
Energy
Reduction of energy consu -
mption
Increasing the efficiency of
energy production
The use of more
environmentally friendly energy
systems
Recycling of batteries
Information and communication
Novel semiconductor devices
Novel optoelectronic devices
Displays
Nanologic
Quantum computers
Consumer goods
Foods
Household
Optics
Textiles
Cosmetics
MEDICINE:
The biological and medical research
communities have exploited the
unique properties of nanomaterials for
various applications (e.g., contrast
agents for cell imaging and
therapeutics for treating cancer).
Terms such as biomedical
nanotechnology, bionano-technology,
and nanomedicine are used to
describe this hybrid field
Functionalities can be added to
nanomaterials by interfacing them
with biological molecules or
structures. The size of nanomaterials
is similar to that of most biological
molecules and structures.
Thus far, the integration of
nanomaterials with biology has led to
the development of diagnostic
devices, contrast agents, analytical
tools, physical therapy applications,
and drug-delivery vehicles
Cancer:
Nano particles of cadmium
selenide (quantum dots) glow when
exposed to ultraviolet light. When
injected, they seep into cancer tumors.
The surgeon can see the glowing
tumor, and use it as a guide for more
accurate tumor removal. Sensor test
chips containing thousands of
nanowires, able to detect proteins and
other biomarkers left behind by
cancer cells, could enable the
detection and diagnosis of cancer in
the early stages from a few drops of a
patients blood.
Researchers at Rice University
under Prof. Jennifer West have
demonstrated the use of 120nm
diameter nanoshells coated with gold
to kill cancer tumors in mice. The
nanoshells can be targetted to bond to
cancerous cells by conjugating
antibodies or peptides to the nanoshell
surface. By irradiating the area of the
tumor with an infrared laser, which
passes through flesh without heating
it, the gold is heated sufficiently to
cause death to the cancer cells
One scientist, University of
Michigan’s James Baker, believes he
has discovered a highly efficient and
successful way of delivering cancer-
treatment drugs that is less harmful to
the surrounding body. Baker has
developed a nanotechnology that can
locate and then eliminate cancerous
cells. He looks at a molecule called a
dendrimer. This molecule has over a
hundred hooks on it that allow it to
attach to cells in the body for a variety
of purposes. Baker then attaches folic-
acid to a few of the hooks (folic-acid,
being a vitamin, is recepted by cells in
the body). Cancer cells have more
vitamin receptors than normal cells,
so Baker's vitamin-laden dendrimer
will be absorbed by the cancer cell.
To the rest of the hooks on the
dendrimer, Baker places anti-cancer
drugs that will be absorbed with the
dendrimer into the cancer cell, thereby
delivering the cancer drug to the
cancer cell and nowhere else (Bullis
2006).
Surgery:
At Rice University, a flesh
welder is used to fuse two pieces of
chicken meat into a single piece. The
two pieces of chicken are placed
together touching. A greenish liquid
containing gold-coated nanoshells is
dribbled along the seam. An infrared
laser is traced along the seam, causing
the two side to weld together. This
could solve the difficulties and blood
leaks caused when the surgeon tries to
restitch the arteries he/she has cut
during a kidney or heart transplant.
The flesh welder could meld the
artery into a perfect seal
Nanorobots:
Definition: A nanorobot is a tiny
machine designed to perform a
specific task or tasks repeatedly and
with precision at nanoscale
dimensions, that is, dimensions of a
few nanometers (nm) or less, where 1
nm = 10-9 meter. Nanorobots have
potential applications in the assembly
and maintenance of sophisticated
systems. Nanorobots might function
at the atomic or molecular level to
build devices, machines, or circuits, a
process known as molecular
manufacturing. Nanorobots might also
produce copies of themselves to
replace worn-out units, a process
called self-replication.
The somewhat speculative
claims about the possibility of using
nanorobots in medicine, advocates
say, would totally change the world of
medicine once it is realized.
Nanomedicine would make use
of these nanorobots, introduced into
the body, to repair or detect damages
and infections. A typical blood borne
medical nanorobot would be between
0.5-3 micrometers in size, because
that is the maximum size possible due
to capillary passage requirement.
Carbon would be the primary element
used to build these nanorobots due to
the inherent strength and other
characteristics of some forms of
carbon (diamond/fullerene
composites). Cancer can be treated
very effectively, according to
nanomedicine advocates. Nanorobots
could counter the problem of
identifying and isolating cancer cells
as they could be introduced into the
blood stream. These nanorobots
would search out cancer affected cells
using certain molecular markers.
Medical nanorobots would then
destroy these cells, and only these
cells.
Nanomedicines could be a very
helpful and hopeful therapy for
patients, since current treatments like
radiation therapy and chemotherapy
often end up destroying more healthy
cells than cancerous ones. From this
point of view, it provides a non-
depressed therapy for cancer patients.
Nanorobots could also be useful in
treating vascular disease, physical
trauma, and even biological aging.
MEDICAL NANOROBOTIC
APPLICATIONS
Applications of nanorobots are
expected to provide remarkable
possibilities. An interesting utilization
of nanorobots may be their attachment
to transmigrating inflammatory cells
or white blood cells, to reach inflamed
tissues and assist in their healing
process.
• Nanorobots will be applied in
chemotherapy to combat cancer
through precise chemical dosage
administration and a similar
approach could be taken to enable
nanorobots to deliver anti-HIV
drugs. Such drug-delivery
nanorobots have been termed
“pharmacists”.
• Nanorobots could be used to
process specific chemical reactions
in the human body as ancillary
devices for injured organs.
Monitoring and controlling
nutrient concentrations in the
human body, including glucose
levels in diabetic patients will be a
possible application of medical
nanorobots.
• Nanorobots might be used to
seek and break kidney stones.
Another important possible feature
of medical nanorobots will be the
capability to locate atherosclerotic
lesions in stenosed blood vessels,
particularly in the coronary
circulation, and treat them
mechanically, chemically or
pharmacologically.
• The coronary arteries are one of
the most common sites for the
localization of atherosclerotic
plaques, although they could be
found in other regions as well.
Manufacturing design:
The approach taken in our
development is called nanobhis
(Nano-Build Hardware Integrated
System). It represents a joint set of
well-established techniques and new
methodologies from nanotechnology
with the aim of manufacturing
nanorobots. The nanorobot must be
equipped with the necessary devices
for monitoring the most important
aspects of its operational workspace.
Depending on the case the
temperature, Concentration of
chemicals in the water, and electrical
conductivity, are some of relevant
parameters when monitoring hydro-
logical resources. Geographically
distributed teams of nanorobots are
expected to open new possibilities on
agricultural and environmental
applications with a larger spectrum of
details not seen whenever. For such
aims, computing processing, energy
supply, and data transmission
capabilities can be addressed through
embedded integrated circuits, using
advances on technologies derived
from VLSI design. CMOS VLSI
design using deep ultraviolet
lithography provides high precision
and a commercial massively way for
manufacturing nanodevices and
nanoelectronics. The CMOS industry
may thrive successfully the pathway
to enable nanorobots assembly, where
the jointly use of nanophotonic and
nanotubes may even accelerate further
the actual levels of resolution ranging
from 248nm to 157nm devices. To
validate designs and to achieve a
successful implementation, the use of
VHDL has become the most common
methodology utilized in the industry
of integrated circuits.
FEW INTERESTING FACTS
ABOUT NANOROBOTS:
• What chemical elements
would medical nanorobots be
made of?
The typical medical
nanodevice is made up of micron-
scale robot assembled from nanoscale
parts. These parts could range in size
from 1-100 nm (1 nm = 10-9 meter),
and might be fitted together to make a
working machine measuring perhaps
0.5-3 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meter)
in diameter. Three microns is about
the maximum size for blood borne
medical nanorobots, due to the
capillary passage requirement.
• Could human body fluids get
inside the nanorobot?
From a medical standpoint, it
makes sense to regard the nanorobot
as having two spaces, which should
be considered separately its interior
and its exterior. It is true that the
nanorobot exterior will be exposed to
the diverse chemical brew that makes
up our human biochemistry. But the
interior of the nanorobot may be a
highly controlled environment,
possibly a vacuum, into which
external liquids cannot normally
intrude. Of course it may often be
necessary for a nanorobot to import
external fluids in a controlled manner
for chemical analysis or other
purposes. But the important thing is
that the device will be watertight and
airtight. Body fluids cannot get into
the interior of the device, unless these
fluids are purposely pumped in for
some specific reason.
• How would the nanorobots be
retrieved from the body?
Some nanodevices4 will be able to
exfuse themselves from the body via
the usual human excretory channels;
others will be designed to allow ready
exfusion by medical personnel using
apheresis-like processes (commonly
called nanapheresis) or active
scavenger systems. It is very design
dependent. In the case of the
respirocytes, the removal procedure is
fairly simple: "Once a therapeutic
purpose is completed, it may be
desirable to extract artificial devices
from circulation. Onboard water
ballast control is extremely useful
during respirocyte exfusion from the
blood. Blood to be cleared may be
passed from the patient to a
specialized centrifugation apparatus
where acoustic transmitters command
respirocytes to establish neutral
buoyancy. No other solid blood
component can maintain exact neutral
buoyancy, hence those other
components precipitate outward
during gentle centrifugation and are
drawn off and added back to filtered
plasma on the other side of the
apparatus. Meanwhile, after a period
of centrifugation, the plasma,
containing mostly suspended
respirocytes but few other solids, is
drawn off through a 1-micron filter,
removing the respirocytes. Filtered
plasma is recombined with
centrifuged solid components and
returned undamaged to the patient's
body. The rate of separation is further
enhanced either by commanding
respirocytes to empty all tanks,
lowering net density to 66% of blood
plasma density, or by commanding
respirocytes to blow a 5-micron O2
gas bubble to which the device may
adhere via surface tension, allowing it
to rise at 45 mm/hour under normal
gravitational acceleration."
• How fast can medical
nanorobots replicate inside the
human body?
This is a very common error.
Medical nanorobots need not EVER
replicate. In fact, it is unlikely that the
FDA (or its future equivalent) would
ever approve for general use a
medical nanodevice that was capable
of in vivo replication. Except in the
most unusual of circumstances, you
would never want anything that could
replicate itself to be turned loose
inside your body. Replicating bacteria
are trouble enough!
Replication is a crucial basic
capability for molecular
manufacturing. But aside from the
most aggressive applications, there is
simply no good reason to risk
manufacturing "fertile" nanorobots
inside the human body, when "mule"
nanorobots can be manufactured so
cheaply, conveniently, and in such
vast numbers outside of the human
body. Replicators will almost
certainly be very tightly regulated by
governments everywhere.
• Will medical nanorobots possess
a humanlike artificial intelligence?
This is another common error.
Many medical nanorobots will have
very simple computers on board each
device. Respirocytes, for example,
have only a ~1,000 operations/sec
computer on board each device far
less computing power.
• How would you communicate
with the machines as they do their
work?
One of the simplest ways to
send broadcast-type messages into the
body, to be received by in vivo
nanorobots, is acoustic messaging. A
device similar to an ultrasound probe
would encode messages on acoustic
carrier waves at frequencies between
1-10 MHz. Thus the supervising
physician can easily send new
commands or parameters to
nanorobots already at work inside the
body. Each nanorobot has its own
power supply, computer, and
sensorium, thus can receive the
physician's messages via acoustic
sensors, then compute and implement
the appropriate response.
The other half of the process is
getting messages back out of the
body, from the working nanodevices
out to the physician. This can also be
done acoustically. However, onboard
power requirements for micron-scale
acoustic wave generators in water
dictate a maximum practical
transmission range of at most a few
hundred microns for each individual
nanorobot. Therefore it is convenient
to establish an internal
communications network that can
collect local messages and pass them
along to a central location, which the
physician can then monitor using
sensitive ultrasound detectors to
receive the messages. Such a network
can probably be deployed inside a
patient in less than an hour, may
involve up to 100 billion mobile
nanorobotic network nodes, and may
release at most 60 watts of waste heat
(less than the 100-watt human body
basal rate) assuming a (worst case)
full 100% network duty cycle.
• What form of detection system
would medical nanorobots use to
distinguish between differing cell
types?
Each cell type has its own
unique set of surface antigens. Other
cell surface antigens indicate the
health status of the cell, the parent
organ type, the species of the animal,
and even the identity of the individual
a kind of biochemical Social
Security Number.
Example: One very simple nanorobot
that I designed a few years ago is the
artificial mechanical red cell, which I
call a "respirocyte". The respirocyte
measures about 1 micron in diameter
and just floats along in the
bloodstream. It is a spherical
nanorobot made of 18 billion atoms.
These atoms are mostly carbon atoms
arranged as diamond in a porous
lattice structure inside the spherical
shell. The respirocyte is essentially a
tiny pressure tank that can be pumped
full of up to 9 billion oxygen (O2) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules.
Later on, these gases can be released
from the tiny tank in a controlled
manner. The gases are stored onboard
at pressures up to about 1000
atmospheres. (Respirocytes can be
rendered completely nonflammable
by constructing the device internally
of sapphire, a flameproof material
with chemical and mechanical
properties otherwise similar to
diamond.)
CONCLUSION:
Nanotechnology provides the
potential for reverse aging, curing
physical diseases, manufacture
consumer goods at molecular level.
As we have seen the wide application
of nanorobots in field of medicine,its
advantages and usability makes it a
evolving technology in the coming
future. Not only in medicine but the
magic of nanotechnology has spead in
various fields like information and
communications, food resources
,consumer goods,chemistry and
environment. In the near future,
this nanorobot of science fiction
may become a reality.
REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Nanotechnology
http://radio.weblogs.co
m/0105910/2004/08/23.html
Nanotechnology : a
gentle introduction to the next big
idea by Mark A. Ratner, Daniel
Ratner
Introduction to
Nanotechnology by Charles P.
Poole, Jr., Charles P. Poole, Frank
J. Owens