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Spectrochemical Instrumentation Modules
1. Light Source
2. Optical Components
3. Sampling Device
4. Wavelength Selector
5. Detector
6. Signal Processor
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Spectrochemical Instrumentation Modules
Source Wavelength Selector DetectorSignal Processor
ReadoutSample
Source
Wavelength Selector DetectorSignal Processor
ReadoutSample
0-90o
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Spectroscopic Light Sources
1. Continuum Sources
2. Line Sources
3. Quasi-continuum Sources
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Source Types
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Source Characteristics
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Continuum Sources
Emit radiation over a broad spectral range.
Continuum in Wavelength, not necessarily in time.
Most of these are “black body emitters. The spectral range depends upon the temperature of the black body.
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Spectral Radiance of a Black Body
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Log Wavelength (nm)
Lo
g B
(W
cm
-2 s
r-1
nm
-1)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
80009000
1000011000
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Continuum Sources
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Continuum Sources
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Nernst Glower
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Globars
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Tungsten Lamps
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Hydrogen or Deuterium Lamp
Current through low pressure H2 or D2
Fused silica window160-400 nm
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Xenon Lamps
Pass current through high pressure Xenon Gas200-1000 nm output, sapphire windowProvide high intensity, but with high noise
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Line Sources
Emit intense radiation over a narrow spectral range (or line).
The Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) for these sources is:
FWHM ≤ 0.01 nm
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Typical of Line Sources
1. Low pressure pen lamps (Hg pen lamp)
2. Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL)
3. Electrode-less Discharge Lamp (EDL)
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Pen Lamps
Low pressure metal vapor inside an electrical discharge
Spectra characteristic of the metal vapor
Often used for calibration purposes
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Hg Calibration Spectrum
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Hollow Cathode Lamps
Cylindrical Cathode containing metal of interestLow pressure inert gas atmosphereProduces spectrum of cathode metal
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Hollow Cathode Lamp Spectrum
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Electrode Discharge Lamps
Metal salt in inert atmosphereAtomized and excited by RF field10 x stronger than HCL for volatile metals