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SPE Distinguished Lecturer Program
Primary funding is provided by
The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe
The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers
Additional support provided by AIME Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
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Advanced Geosteering for Optimal Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reserves Roland Chemali Chief Petrophysicist
Halliburton Sperry Drilling
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Presentation Outline
• What is geosteering? Why geosteer? • Reactive and proactive geosteering
Ø Wellbore images Ø Azimuthal wave resistivity
Ø Other: formation pressure, seismic while drilling
• Summary and conclusion
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What is Geosteering and Why Geosteer?
Oil
Water Injector
Simplified case of water-drive reservoir
Oil Producer
Water Drive
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Water Injector
Attic Oil
What is Geosteering and Why Geosteer?
Oil
Oil Producer
Producing well improperly placed
Simplified case of water-drive reservoir
Water Drive
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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The Value of Accurate Well Placement
• StatoilHydro Troll field: 2.4 b$ (Based on OTC-17110)
• Chevron Alba (John Hampson) 225 M$ of additional production in 3 wells
• CBS 60 Minutes; Saudi Aramco CEO interviewed by Leslie Stahl Dec-07-2008
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From CBS 60 Minutes The CEO of Saudi Aramco
On CBS 60 Minutes News Program, Mr. Jumaa then CEO of Saudi Aramco describes geosteering as a way to produce up to 10 times more from a reservoir. (Dec-7-2008)
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Simple Geometrical Placement ?
Water Drive
Oil
Inclination error > 5 ft / 3000 ft = 375000 Bbl/Oil
Uncertainty on OWC
Uncertainty on geology
Sub-seismic events
Water Injector
Oil Producer
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Definition of Geosteering
• Steering with reference to geological markers
Or • Planned interactive use of real-time geological and directional
information to precisely place the position of each section of the well while drilling (Ed Stockhausen, 2008)
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Presentation Outline
• What is geosteering? Why geosteer? • Reactive and proactive geosteering
Ø Wellbore images Ø Azimuthal wave resistivity
Ø Other: formation pressure, seismic while drilling
• Summary and conclusion
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Reactive Geosteering
Objective
Well Landing Build Angle
Reservoir Exit Build Angle
Reservoir Entry Hold Angle
Reservoir Exit Drop Angle
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Steps for Reactive Geosteering 1. Recognize reservoir entry – exit
§ Gamma ray, resistivity, density, etc 2. Determine angle of entry – exit (relative dip)
§ Well bore image by micro-resistivity, density, gamma 3. Change well course accordingly
Ballay, G., (2001) – SPE 72282
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Borehole Imaging for Reactive GeosteeringAngle of Entry & Exit (Relative Dip)
1. Borehole wall image is acquired while drilling
2. Geosteering engineer looks for sinusoidal patterns
3. Sinusoids are converted to relative dip
4. Geological model is updated 5. Geosteering decision is made
Micro-Electrical Sensor
Side View of the Borehole
Unfolded Image of The Borehole Wall
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No GeosteeringGeometrical Steering
Objective
Well Landing Build Angle
?
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Presentation Outline
• What is geosteering? Why geosteer? • Reactive and proactive geosteering
Ø Wellbore images Ø Azimuthal wave resistivity
Ø Other: formation pressure, seismic while drilling
• Summary and conclusion
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Pro-Active Geosteering
Objective
Well Landing Build Angle
Imminent Exit Drop Angle
Imminent Exit Build Angle Maximum
Reservoir Contact
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Pro-Active Geosteering Who Benefits? 1. Drillers
• No sidetracks • Less stability issues
2. Completion Engineers • Fewer doglegs
3. Early Production • High reservoir contact
4. The Environment • Fewer wells for given production
5. Cumulative Production • Less oil left behind • Higher cumulative production • High reservoir contact
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Steps for Pro-Active Geosteering 1. Anticipate reservoir entry or exit, long before they occur
§ Deep Wave Resistivity 2. Determine direction of approach
§ Azimuthally sensitive wave resistivity or educated guess 3. Change well course accordingly
Omeragic, D., (2005) – SPE 97405
7000 7100 7200 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700
5195
5200
5205
5210
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Pro-Active Geosteering WithAzimuthal Wave Resistivity
Logging While Drilling (LWD)
Schlumberger PeriscopeTM
Halliburton Azimuthal Deep Resistivity ADRTM
Baker Hughes AziTrakTM
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• Geosteering with up-down resistivity
• Geosteering with resistivity images
• Geosignal and distance to bed boundary
• “Depth of first detection” for azimuthal deep resistivity
Pro-Active Geosteering With Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity LWD
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Rt
Horn
Geosteering with Up-Down Resistivity Azimuthal Wave Resistivity LWD
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Geosteering with Non-Azimuthal Wave Resistivity
0
1
-‐0 .6 0 0 .6
Shale
Oil
Water
Shale
Oil
Water
0
1
-‐0 .6 0 0 .6
Ohm
-m
Ohm
-m
10 Ω-m
1 Ω-m 1 Ω-m
10 Ω-m
1 Ω-m 1 Ω-m
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Geosteering with Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity ; Up-Down Resistivity
0
1
-‐0 .6 0 0 .6
Shale
Oil
Water
Shale
Oil
Water
0
1
-‐0 .6 0 0 .6
Shale
Oil
Water
Shale
Oil
Water
10 Ω-m
1 Ω-m 1 Ω-m
10 Ω-m
1 Ω-m 1 Ω-m
UP
Down
Ohm
-m
UP
Down
Ohm
-m
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Geosteering with Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity Images and Bright Spots
Bright spot near boundaries Deeper image sees bright spot before shallower image
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Geosteering with Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity Images and Bright Spots
Well Path Close to Roof Floor
Chemali, R., (2008) – SPE-IPTC-12547 © 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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The Geosteering Signal or Geosignal Helps Determine Distance And Direction of Boundary
In general the geosignal points towards the less resistive formation
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Geosignal Magnitude vs. Distance to Boundary Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Geosteering with Azimuthal Deep Wave Resistivity Real-Time Decisions
Density Image
Azimuthal Deep Resistivity Image
Porosity Log
Gamma Log
Crossing the Mid-Point
down up Azimuthal Resistivity
Primary Target
Build Angle
Landing of The Well
Geosignals
Low Resistivity Below the Well
Crossing the Mid-Point
Drop Angle
Low Resistivity Above the Well
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Presentation Outline
• What is geosteering? Why geosteer? • Reactive and proactive geosteering
Ø Wellbore images Ø Azimuthal wave resistivity
Ø Other: formation pressure, seismic while drilling
• Summary and conclusion
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Geosteering with Seismic While Drilling
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Geosteering with Formation Pressure 1. Reservoir compartmentalization or connectivity by pressure and fluid ID 2. Pressure gradient for long distance well inclination
Buysch, A., (2005) – SPE-93229 © 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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Summary and Conclusion • Reactive geosteering: react to boundaries
ü Wellbore images
• Proactive geosteering: anticipate boundaries ü Deep azimuthal resistivity
• Geosteering enhances early production by maximizing reservoir contact
• Geosteering optimizes sweep efficiency and ultimate oil recovery thru the life of the field
© 2011 Halliburton. All Rights Reserved.
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