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Spatio-Temporal variability of Water resources in the Ganga basin
By
Subashisa Dutta
Associate Professor
E-mail : [email protected]
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
GUWAHATI, ASSAM-781039
For
National Students’ Conference On River Basin PlanningIIT Kanpur, 4 to 5th November 2011
Sattriya dance-Assam,http://
www.gurleenmehak.blogspot.com/
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Overview of the lecture
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1. Spatio-temporal variation of surface water resources in the basin ( annual water yield, monsoon flow, non-monsoon flow,
lean month flow, dependable flow)
2. Current Ground water utilization : crop statistics and GIS analysis
3. Spatio-temporal variability of Ground water Resources in the Basin
4. Fertilizer application and crop productivity : an indicator for non-point source pollution
5. Resilience in the Water Resources system: How long ?
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Hydrological Storage, release function and interdependency
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Surface water storage
M J S D J
M J S D J
M J S D J
Q
Q
Q
Monsoon recharge
Ground water storage
Flood recharge
Irrigation
ETETP
SM
ET : Evapo-transpiration, P: Precipitation, SM: Snow Melting Run-off, Q: Discharge
Note for Ganga Basin: •Ground water Irrigation controlled by the farmers and Agricultural Economy,•Flood recharge depending upon the frequency of wet-Monsoon•ET depending upon the distribution of Landuse/landcovers remains fairly constant•Hydrological links between groundwater and surface water storage defined by Hydro-geological characteristics
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Study Area: Ganga River basin in Bihar
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Data used:1.Hydrological data (1960 to 1992)
2.Satellite Altimetry data (1993 to 2003)
3.Ground water level data (2001 to 2009)
4.Agricultural statistics (Crop water requirement, productivity, Area, Crop type etc.)
5.Other ancillary information (Bhuvan satellite imagery,)
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Hydrological Trends of the Ganga river flow* at the downstream of Farakka
* Webster, J. P., Jian, J., Hopson, M. T., Paula, A. A., Chuang, H., Curry, J. A., Grossman, R. L., Palmer, T. N., Subiah, A. R., (2010) “Extended-range probabilistic forecasts of Ganges and Brahmaputra floods in Bangladesh .” Bulletin of the Am. Met. Society., 2911.1.
5
Pre-Surface water development
Project
Ground water development
Project
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Hydrological trends of Major tributary flows
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
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Monsoon season Water yield: 43215 MCMHydrological trend : Variable
Non-Monsoonal Season Water yield: 9491 MCM
Hydrological trend : Fairly Constant
Annual variation of water yield of the Kosi river at Saptakosi station
Monsoon season Water yield: 72287 MCMHydrological trend : Variable
Non-Monsoonal Season Water yield: 11467 MCMHydrological trend : Variable
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Flow duration curve and dependable annual water yield
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Long term Average February month flow in Ganga river
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106
Main Ganga
Bay of Bengal
Tons-Karmnasa
Chambal
Yamuna
Sone
Bhagirathi
Indo-Bangladesh Border
Azamabad
Farakka Barrage
Ramganga Gomti Ghaghra
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
Ground water(Buxar
to Azamabad)
Mahananda
Kosi
Buxar
Mahananda
3888
1184
3164
228
899
712 21
5
393
67
723
349
217
(148
7)
All data are 75% dependable flow (Million Cubic Meter)
Findings:Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water sharing treaty: 3888 MCM at FarakkaGround water contribution: 1487 MCM
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
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Long term Average March month flow in Ganga river
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114
Main Ganga
Bay of Bengal
Tons-Karmnasa
Chambal
Yamuna
Sone
Bhagirathi
Indo-Bangladesh Border
Azamabad
Farakka Barrage
Ramganga Gomti Ghaghra
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
Ground water(Buxar to Azamabad)
Mahanandaa
Kosi
Buxar
Mahananda
3888
1184
3120
235
922 71
5 220
298
49
767
365
199
(123
6)
All data are 75% dependable flow (Million Cubic Meter)
Findings:Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water share treaty: 3888 MCM at FarakkaGround water contribution: 1236 MCM
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
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Long term Average April month flow in Ganga river
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215
Main Ganga
Bay of Bengal
Tons-Karmnasa
Chambal
Yamuna
Sone
Bhagirathi
Indo-Bangladesh Border
Azamabad
Farakka Barrage
Ramganga Gomti Ghaghra
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
Ground water(Buxar to Azamabad)
Mahanandaa
Kosi
Buxar
Mahananda
3888
1018
2967
246
953
715 22
8
279
31
920
246
129
(502
)
Findings:Indo-Bangladesh Ganga water share treaty: 3888 MCM at FarakkaGround water contribution in April Month : 502 MCMTotal three lean month flow GW = 3225 MCM ( 27%), Kosi and Gandak River flow = 4552 MCM ( 40%), U/S catchments at Buxer : 3386 MCM ( 29%)
* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
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Satellite Altimetry measurement* for water level
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Main River
Tributary
Wet land
Performance of Satellite altimetry for water level prediction in Brahmaputra
Minimum water level variation from altimetry measurement
* http://www.legos.obs-mip.fr/soa/hydrologie/hydroweb
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Spatio-temporal variation of ground water depth
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Analysis of Groundwater variation: Depletion, Recharge and withdrawal
13* Report of the 2nd Bihar State Irrigation Commission 1994
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Water requirement for Agriculture system
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Multiple cropping during Non-Monsoon season
Estimated Ground water irrigation = 9800 MCM
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Total crop water requirement and Annual variation of recharge
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2004: Flood year
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Temporal variability of Groundwater and Potential recharge
MSS (1970’s)
TM (1990) ETM (2000)
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Temporal trend of annual recharge/depletion zones in three districts
Flood Area
Flood inundation in Bihar in 2007 showing potential recharge zones
Field photograph of a wetland
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District-wise variation of fertilizer Application
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Agriculture productivity and Fertilizer Application
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Conclusion
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Ground water irrigation, controlled by the farmers, is expected to be the major water resources user ( 10,000 MCM to 15,000 MCM)
Conflict between Ground water irrigation and lean period flow in the river
Wet monsoon year produces large-scale flood inundation based recharge system
Availability of monsoon water yield is high and efficient management of the surface water projects
Now, the water resources system is at resilience stage. How Long ?
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ACADEMIC Building, IIT Guwahati
Research Group
Thank You
1. Dr Subashisa Dutta2. Dr. Bimlesh Kumar3. Dr Suresh A. Kartha4. Amit Kr Dubey5. Ikram Ali6. Pritam Biswas7. Sangita Devi8. Titas Ganguly Farmer in a wheat field crop harvesting at Bihar