Download - Spatial Pattern Analysis
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Spatial Pattern AnalysisSpatial Pattern Analysis
Exploring the relationship between ecological pattern, ecological function and ecological processes.
Spatial Structure -> Ecological Function -> Change …. pressure, state, response
CompositionComposition ConfigurationConfiguration
Spatial StructureSpatial Structure
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www.mosaicr.com
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Assess PatternAssess Pattern
Input = classified input Output = spreadsheet of selected metrics
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• Composition = The presence and amount of each element type without spatially explicit measures.– Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
• Configuration = The physical distribution in space and spatial character of elements.– Isolation, placement, adjacency
Spatial StructureSpatial Structure
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Rugosity
Jeff Jenness and Pat Iampietro
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3 band “true color”Red, Green, Blue;
1 band, Red wavelength
5 class Natural breaksJenk’s classifier
5 class Equal Intervalequal-sized sub-ranges
11 class (1/2 equal Interval)
Defined IntervalAn interval which equallyDivides a range
5 class QuantileEach class has equal Number of features
5 class Quantile1 standarddeviation
5 class, “isodata”R,G,B,IR
Histogram ClassificationHistogram Classification
original continuous data
Various histogram classification results
Multi
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Clustering MultivariateSpatial DataClustering MultivariateSpatial Data
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Clusters
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ISODATA clusters
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Inner radiusOuter radius
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Classification
Ridge
Upper Slope
Middle Slope
Flat
Lower Slope
Valley
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3 “patches”Same “class”
1 “patches”differ “class”
1 “landscape”
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Types of Metrics• Area, Density, Diversity• Shape• Core area• Isolation/proximity, Nearest-Neighbor• Contrast metrics• Contagion / Interspersion• Connectivity• Diversity
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Area, Density, Diversity Metrics
Patch Density
Shannon Diversity Index
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Fractal: a pattern composed of identical parts
Shape Metricsperimeter-area relationships
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• Shape Index (SHAPE) -- complexity of patch compared to standard shape – vector uses circular; raster uses square– Mean Shape Index (MSI) = perimeter-to-area
ratio– Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)– Landscape Shape Index (LSI)
fractal dimension indicates the extent to which the fractal object fills the Euclidean dimension
Fractal Dimension (D), or (FRACT)
- log P = 1/2D*log A; P = perimeter, A = area
E = total edgeA = total area
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Contagion, Interspersion and Juxtaposition
• When first proposed (O’Neill 1988) proved incorrect, Li & Reynolds (1993) alternative• Based upon the product of two (2) probabilities
– Randomly chosen cell belongs to patch “i”– Conditional probability of given type “i” neighboring cells belongs to “j”
• Interspersion (the intermixing of units of different patch types) and Juxtaposition (the mix of different types being adjacent) index (IJI)
M = number of classesEik = length of edge between classes
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Landscape Metrics
Class Metrics
Number of Patches
Largest Patch
Area-weighted mean shape
Shannon’s Diversity
Interspersion
Percent of Landscape | Patch Density | Patch Size CV | Area-weighted Mean Shape
4
89
1.45
.69
30.2
10 2 0 1.30
1 1 0 1 89 1 0 1.60
5
32
1.85
1.10
40
27 3 4 1.5
4 2 .25 1.12
69 5 4 1.87
19
13
?
?
?
? ? ? ?
1
100
1
0
0
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Landscape Ecology
• Structure = the spatial relationships among the distinctive ecosystems or “elements”
• Function = the interactions among the spatial elements
• Change = the alteration in the structure and function of the ecological mosaic over time
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Landscape Structure Physiognomy / Pattern
• Composition = The presence and amount of each element type without spatially explicit measures.– Proportion, richness, evenness, diversity
• Configuration = The physical distribution in space and spatial character of elements.– Isolation, placement, adjacency
• ** some metrics do both **
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Types of Metics
• Area Metrics• Patch Density, Size and Variability• Edge Metrics• Shape Metrics• Core Area Metrics• Nearest-Neighbor Metrics• Diversity Metrics• Contagion and Interspersion Metrics
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Shape Metricsperimeter-area relationships
• Shape Index (SHAPE) -- complexity of patch compared to standard shape – vector uses circular; raster uses square– Mean Shape Index (MSI) = perimeter-to-area ratio
– Area-Weighted Mean Shape Index (AWMSI)– Landscape Shape Index (LSI)
• Fractal Dimension (D), or (FRACT) – log P = 1/2D*log A; P = perimeter, A = area– P = sq.rt. A raised to D, and D = 1 (a line)– as polygons move to complexity P = A, and D -> 2– A few fractal metrics
• Double log fractal dimension (DLFD)• Mean patch fractal (MPFD)• Area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD)
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Contagion, Interspersion and Juxtaposition
• When first proposed (O’Neill 1988) proved incorrect, Li & Reynolds (1993) alternative
• Based upon the product of two (2) probabilities– Randomly chosen cell belongs to patch “i”– Conditional probability of given type “i” neighboring
cells belongs to “j”
• Interspersion (the intermixing of units of different patch types) and Juxtaposition (the mix of different types being adjacent) index (IJI)