Download - Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…
![Page 1: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Space Physics
7.1 – Signals from Space
![Page 2: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty space.Here is what makes up the universe in order of size.
The Universe
Term Meaningmoon an object orbiting a planet (reflects
light)planet an object orbiting a star
(reflects light and produces no energy)star large ball of gases producing light &
heatgalaxy large ball of matter emitting lightuniverse whole of space that can be detected
![Page 3: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Light YearA light year is a distance. It is the distance travelled by light in one year.
ExampleCalculate the length of one light year.
?d
-18 ms 103v year1t tvd
68 1031.536103 365246060 s 1031.536 6 m 109.5d 15
(5,878,625,373,183.61 miles)
![Page 4: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Light SourceTime Taken for Light to Reach
EarthMoon 1.2 sSun 8 minutes
Nearest start after the Sun
(Proxima Centauri)
4.3 years
Other side of our galaxy 100,000 years
Our nearest galaxy
(Andromeda)2,200,000 years
It is difficult to comprehend such a large distance, so here are some times for light reaching Earth from various sources.
![Page 5: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Astronomical Telescope
objective lens
eyepiece lens
eyedistant planet
light-tight tube
The objective lens collects light and forms an inverted image of the distant planet which is magnified by the eyepiece lens.A larger diameter objective lens collects more light, so brighter image is formed.
long focal length
short focal length
![Page 6: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ray DiagramsA ray diagram shows what happens when light passes through a convex lens.The convex lens is represented by a vertical line.
Symbol MeaningMOFI
OMIM
optical centre of lensobject
focal length of lensimage
object distanceimage distance
![Page 7: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rules1. A ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus
after refraction.2. A ray passing through the centre of the lens continues
straight on undeviated.
ImageThree facts should be stated about an image.Is it:
1. real or virtual2. upright or inverted3. magnified or diminished or same size
![Page 8: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Example 1 (Camera)
Example 2 (Magnifying Lens)
FF
2FOIM principal axis
F2F OM F principal axis
I
The image is real, inverted and diminished.
The image is virtual, upright and magnified.
object distance OM < F
object distance OM > 2F
![Page 9: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Magnifying An ImageThe object is closer to the lens than the focus.This produces a virtual image which is upright and magnified.
F2F OM F principal axis
I
![Page 10: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
F2F OM F principal axis
I
![Page 11: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Visible SpectrumWhite light is made up from a range of colours.A prism will split white light into its component colours, by refraction of the white light.
Colour Wavelength (nm)
RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueIndigoViolet
700
400
decreasing wavelength
![Page 12: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible light is just a small part of a whole range of radiation known as the electromagnetic spectrum.Each type of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum travels at the speed of light.
18 ms 103v
Each radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum has its own wavelength and frequency.
λ fv
![Page 13: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radiation DetectorsRadiation Detector
low frequencylong wavelength aerials
microwaves curved reflector & receiverinfrared blackened thermometer
visible light eyeultraviolet fluorescent paint
x-rays photographic filmgamma rays GM tube
TV and radio
high frequencyshort wavelength
![Page 18: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Detecting SignalsEnergy is omitted from objects in space at many different wavelengths.To get a full picture of our universe information of all wavelengths is collected.This is done using many types of telescope.
![Page 19: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Radio TelescopeLarge unpolished metal dishes collect and direct weak radio waves to an aerial at the focus.To see fine detail, the opening of the radio telescope should be as large as possible. This is hard to achieve with one telescope, so several are usually used, and computer software combines the information.
![Page 20: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The 305-metre Arecibo dish in Puerto Rico is the world's most sensitive radio telescope.
![Page 21: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MicrowavesAstronomers can detect radiation from space that has a wavelength of several millimetres.This can give information on the temperature of stars and hence their age. As the star reactions change, so will its temperature.Microwave ovens at home use microwave radiation which has a wavelength of about 12cm.
Infrared RadiationInfrared radiation arrives on Earth from objects in space.Objects at different temperatures give off different colours of light. The hotter an object is, the smaller the wavelength of emitted light.
![Page 22: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Line SpectraWhite light sources produce a continuous spectrum emitting all colours of the rainbow.
Other sources of light, for instance street lights, emit only particular wavelengths of light.
Line spectra tell us about a stars chemical composition, as each element has its own line spectrum pattern.
![Page 23: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Example 1
![Page 24: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Space Physics 7.1 – Signals from Space. The universe consists of many galaxies separated by empty…](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022081606/5a4d1bd77f8b9ab0599da897/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)