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So#ware Cost Es-ma-on with COCOMO II
Day 2 (Cost Factors)
M&P Consul+ng
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Agenda
• So#ware Es-ma-on Methods • Cost Factors • So#ware Sizing • COCOMOII Factors
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Agenda
• So#ware Es-ma-on Methods – Sizing and es+ma+on – Project tracking
• Cost Factors • So#ware Sizing • COCOMOII Factors
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So#ware Sizing and Es-ma-on
• Agile techniques – Story points and velocity [Cohn, 2006] – Planning Poker [Grenning, 2002]
• Treatments for uncertainty – PERT Sizing [Putnam, 1979]
– Wideband Delphi Technique [Boehm, 1981]
– COCOMO-‐U [Yang, 2006]
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Require high level of exper-se, experience and historical data.
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Project Tracking and Assessment
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PERT Network Chart [Wiest, 1977]
• Iden+fy cri+cal paths • Nodes updated to show progress • Grows quickly • Becomes unusable when large, especially in smaller agile environments
GQM [Basili, 1995]
Goal
Ques-on
Metric
Objec-ve
Answer
Measurement
• Captures progress from conceptual, opera+onal, and qualita+ve levels • Align with organiza+on/team • Only useful when used correctly
Burn Charts [Cockburn, 2004]
• Effec+ve in tracking progress • Not good at responding to major changes
Architecture Review Board [Maranzano, 2005]
• Reviews to validate feasibility of architecture and design • Increases the likelihood of project success • Adopted by so^ware engineering course • Stabilize team, reduce knowledge gaps, evaluate risks
M&P Consul+ng
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Agenda
• So#ware Es-ma-on Methods • Cost Factors
– Significant factors • So#ware Sizing • COCOMOII Factors
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Cost Factors
• 3 main factors in COCOMOII 1. Size 2. Scale factors 3. Effort mul+plier
• Defined to be as objec-ve as possible
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Cost Factors
• Significant factors of development cost – Size of the software to be developed – scale drivers are sources of exponential effort variation – cost drivers are sources of linear effort variation
• product, platform, personnel and project attributes • effort multipliers associated with cost driver ratings
– Defined to be as objective as possible • Each factor is rated between very low and very
high per rating guidelines – relevant effort multipliers adjust the cost up or down
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Agenda
• So#ware Es-ma-on Methods • Cost Factors • So#ware Sizing
– SLOC – Func+on Point
• COCOMOII Factors
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So#ware Sizing Methods
• Size in SLOC • Func-on Point • Applica-on Point • Story Point • Use-‐Case Point
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COCOMO
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Sizing Process
• Gather and study system requirements • Break down into subsystems/modules
– High level design – Group func+ons into modules
• Es-mate so#ware size – Historical data – Expert judgment – Object point
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High-‐Level Design
• Group func-ons into modules • Es-mate and predict the modules that will be designed and implemented
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# Func-on
1 User Login
2 User Logout
3 User Authoriza+on
4 User Registra+on
5 Add User
6 Remove User
7 Content search
8 Content display
9 Content management
User Authen-ca-on
User Management
Search Module
Content Management
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Sizing with SLOC
• ใช้ข้อมูลประวัติ software ที่เคยพัฒนามาก่อน
– เปรียบเทียบความซับซ้อนที่ใกล้เคียงกัน – ใช้ค่าเฉลี่ย
• ปรึกษาผู้เชี่ยวชาญ – แต่ต้องมีรายละเอียดพร้อม
• เร็วและง่าย – แต่ไม่แม่นยำ – ขึ้นอยู่กับข้อมูลและความเชี่ยวชาญ
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Sizing with Func-on Point
• หาจำนวนฟังก์ชั่นใน 5 ประเภท – External Input (EI) นับจำนวนข้อมูลนำเข้า หรือการควบคุมข้อมูลนำเข้าโดย ผ่านจากระบบภายนอก
– External Output (EO) นับจำนวนข้อมูลที่ถูกส่งออกจากระบบ หรือการควบคุมข้อมูลที่ต้องส่งออกจากระบบไปยังระบบภายนอก
– Internal Logical File (ILF) นับจำนวนแฟ้มข้อมูลเชิงตรรกะ (logical group of user data) หรือการควบคุมข้อมูลที่ใช้กับแฟ้มข้อมูลภายในเชิงตรรกะ (Logical internal file) ซึ่งเป็นแฟ้มข้อมูลที่ใช้ในระบบ
– External Interface Files (EIF) นับจำนวนแฟ้มข้อมูลที่ส่งผ่าน หรือแลกเปลี่ยนระหว่างระบบ
– External Inquiry (EQ) นับจำนวนรวมของข้อมูลนำเข้า และส่งออกที่ข้อมูลนำเข้า ทำให้เกิดข้อมูลส่งออกโดยอัตโนมัติ
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Transac-on Func-ons
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การพิจารณาระดับความซับซ้อนของฟังชั่น
• จำนวน Data Element Types (DET) – ข้อมูลที่ผู้ใช้รู้จักและไม่มีความซ้ำซ้อน สามารถใช้กับฟังชั่นข้อมูล และฟังชั่นธุรกรรมได ้ – ข้อมูลที่ต้องใช้ในแบบฟอร์ม หรือหน้าจอต่าง ๆ
• จำนวน Record Element Types (RET) – กลุ่มย่อยของข้อมูลประเภท DETs ที่ใช้ใน ILF และ EIF – ข้อมูลประเภทนี้มันเป็นข้อมูลที่มีความสำพันธ์แบบแม่ – ลูกในตารางข้อมูล หรือเป็นข้อมูลที่เป็นลำดับชั้น
• จำนวน Func-on Type Referenced (FTR) – ฟังชั่นที่ข้อมูล DET อ้างอิงถึงทั้งในส่วนที่เป็น ILF และ EIF – ตัวอย่างเช่นการรับข้อมูลเพื่อระบุตัวตนผ่านคอมพิวเตอร์ประกอบด้วยการระบุข้อมูลชื่อผู้ใช้
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ขั้นตอนในการประมาณการขนาดโดยใช ้Function Point
• คำนวณจำนวนฟังก์ชั่นในแต่ละประเภทฟังก์ชั่น – ควรทำโดยบุคคลที่มีความเข้าใจในความต้องการของระบบและสถาปัตยกรรม – อาจเป็นผู้นำทางด้านเทคนิค (Technical Leader)
– ประมาณการจำนวนฟังก์ชั่นจากข้อมูลความต้องการของระบบ • พิจารณาระดับความซับซ้อนของฟังก์ชั่น
– ซับซ้อนน้อย กลาง และมาก – ใช้ตารางคำนวณค่าความซับซ้อนของ ILF, EIF, EO, EQ และ EI
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ขั้นตอนในการประมาณการขนาดโดยใช ้Function Point
• คำนวณค่าน้ำหนักของปัจจัยความซับซ้อนสำหรับจำนวนฟังก์ชั่นในแต่ละประเภท
– Raw Function Point
ประเภทของฟังชั่น ค่าน้ำหนักของความซับซ้อน ต่ำ กลาง สูง
Internal Logical Files (ILF) 7 10 15 External Interfaces Files (EIF) 5 7 10 External Inputs (EI) 3 4 6 External Outputs (EO) 4 5 7 External Inquiries (EQ) 3 4 6
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ขั้นตอนในการประมาณการขนาดโดยใช ้Function Point
• รวมค่าน้ำหนักของปัจจัยความซับซ้อนของฟังก์ชั่นทั้ง 5 ประเภท
• นำค่าที่ได้มาคำนวณหาจำนวนบรรทัดของซอสโค๊ด (Source Line of Code)
19
ภาษา SLOC / FP ภาษา SLOC / FP C 128 Visual C++ 34 C++ 55 Report generator 80 Database – Default 40 Java 53 Fifth Generation Language 4 HTML 15 Fourth Generation Language
20 Third Generation Language 80
High Level Language 64 Unix Shell Scripts 107
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FUNCTION POINT EXERCISE
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Agenda
• So#ware Es-ma-on Methods • Cost Factors • So#ware Sizing • COCOMOII Factors
– Scale factors – Cost Drivers
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COCOMO II Model
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Scale Factors • Precedentedness PREC • Development Flexibility FLEX • Architecture / Risk Resolu+on RESL • Team Cohesion TEAM • Process Maturity PMAT
Product • Reliability RELY • Database Size DATA • Product Complexity CPLX • Developed for Reusability RUSE • Documenta+on Match to
Life-‐Cycle Needs DOCU
Pla\orm • Execu+on Time Constraint TIME • Main Storage Constraint STOR • Plagorm Vola+lity PVOL
Personnel • Analyst Capability ACAP • Programmer Capability PCAP • Personnel Con+nuity PCON • Applica+ons Experience APEX • Plagorm Experience PLEX • Language and Tool Experience LTEX
Project • Use of So^ware Tools TOOL • Mul+site Development SITE • Required Development
Schedule SCED
Cost Drivers
• Post-‐architecture es-ma-on model • Takes
• Size • Ra+ngs for each parameter
• Es-mates effort/resources required to complete project
Very Low
Low Nominal High Very High
Extra High
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COCOMO II Output Ranges
• COCOMO II provides one standard devia-on op-mis-c and pessimis-c es-mates.
• Reflect sources of input uncertain-es • Apply to effort or schedule for all of the stage models.
• Represent 80% confidence limits: below op-mis-c or pessimis-c es-mates 10% of the -me.
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Stage OptimisticEstimate
PessimisticEstimate
1 0.50 E 2.0 E
2 0.67 E 1.5 E
3 0.80 E 1.25 E
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Scale Factors
• Impacts at project level • Exponen-al effort varia-on
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Scale Factors
• Precedentedness (PREC) – Degree to which system is new and past experience applies
• Development Flexibility (FLEX) – Need to conform with specified requirements
• Architecture/Risk Resolution (RESL) – Degree of design thoroughness and risk elimination
• Team Cohesion (TEAM) – Need to synchronize stakeholders and minimize conflict
• Process Maturity (PMAT) – SEI CMM process maturity rating
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Precedentedness (PREC)
• Similarity to previously developed projects • Knowledge on the project • Familiarity
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Thoroughly unprecedented
Largely unprecedented
Somewhat unprecedented
Generally familiar
Largely familiar Thoroughly familiar
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Development Flexibility (FLEX)
• The flexibility in development allowed in the project
• Levels of conformity required in developing the so#ware product
• Dependent on external interface and specifica-ons
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Rigorous Occasional relaxa+on
Some relaxa+on
General conformity
Some conformity
General goals
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Architecture/Risk Resolu-on (RESL)
• How much effort is spent in reviewing design and mi-ga-ng risks
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
20% 40% 60% 75% 90% 100%
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Team Cohesion (TEAM)
• How well the team works together • Based on levels of interac-ons and ability to cooperate
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Very difficult interac+ons
Some difficult interac+ons
Basically coopera+ve interac+ons
Largely coopera+ve
Highly coopera+ve
Seamless interac+ons
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Process Maturity (PMAT)
• Based on the SEI’s Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
• Values correspond to CMMI levels
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
CMMI 1 CMMI 2 CMMI 3 CMMI 4 CMMI 5 CMMI 5
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SCALE FACTOR EXERCISE
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M&P Consulting" 32"
Scale Factor Rating
Scale Factors (Wi) Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Precedentedness(PREC)
thoroughlyunprecedented
largelyunprecedented
somewhatunprecedented
generallyfamiliar
largelyfamiliar
throughlyfamiliar
DevelopmentFlexibility (FLEX)
rigorous occasionalrelaxation
somerelaxation
generalconformity
someconformity
generalgoals
Architecture/RiskResolution (RESL)*
little (20%) some (40%) often (60%) generally(75%)
mostly(90%)
full (100%)
Team Cohesion(TEAM)
very difficultinteractions
some difficultinteractions
basicallycooperativeinteractions
largelycooperative
highlycooperative
seamlessinteractions
Process Maturity(PMAT)
Weighted average of “Yes” answers to CMM Maturity Questionnaire
* % significant module interfaces specified, % significant risks eliminated
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Cost Drivers (Effort Mul-plier)
• Module specific factors • Linear effort varia-on • Focus on the post-‐architecture
– Overall design of the project is already known – For use in development and maintenance of so^ware products
• Cost drivers usually tend to be different for each module – E.g. UI modules are usually less complex than server modules
– Achieve more accurate es+ma+on when done by module
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Cost Drivers (Product)
• Required So#ware Reliability (RELY) • Database Size (DATA) • Product Complexity (CPLX) • Developed for Reusability (RUSE) • Documenta-on Match to Life-‐Cycle Needs (DOCU)
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Required So#ware Reliability (RELY)
• The required reliability of the so#ware product
• What is the impact of the so#ware failure?
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Slight inconvenience
Low, easily recoverable losses
Moderate, easily recoverable losses
High financial loss
Risk to human life
N/A
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Required Database Size (DATA)
• Based on the ra-o of database size and program size – Not simply how much you need to store
• The data required to complete test of the program • Calcula-on formula provided in the COCOMO book
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
N/A DATA < 10 10 < DATA < 100 100 < DATA < 1000 DATA > 1000 N/A
DATA = DB Bytes / Program SLOC
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So#ware Development Complexity (CPLX)
• 5 areas – Control opera+ons – Computa+onal opera+ons – Device-‐dependent opera+ons – Data management opera+ons – User interface management opera+ons
• Find the average between the areas
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
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Developed for Reuse (RUSE)
• How much of the components will need to be reused in other applica-ons – Effort needed to achieve generic design – Effort for tes+ng to ensure wide range of compa+bility
• Across project • Across product line • Across mul-ple product lines
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
N/A None Across project Across program Across product line
Across mul+ple product line
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Level of Documenta-on (DOCU)
• Based on the life-‐cycle needs – How much of the life-‐cycle is captured in documenta+on
• How much is suitable • Affects maintenance por-on of life-‐cycle
– So^ware understanding (SU)
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Many needs uncovered
Some needs uncovered
Right-‐sized to life-‐cycle needs
Excessive for life-‐cycle needs
Very excessing for life-‐cycle needs
N/A
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PRODUCT FACTOR EXERCISE
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Cost Drivers (Pla\orm)
• Execu-on Time Constraint (TIME) • Main Storage Constraint (STOR) • Pla\orm Vola-lity (PVOL)
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Pla\orm
• Given the modern day technologies, these drivers are nearly irrelevant.
• Most likely NOMINAL for government domain projects – Liple computa+on resource required for web applica+ons
– Storage is cheap – Size of data store tends to be insignificant compared to available storage
– Plagorms are stable (i.e. OS, DBMS). Major changes are not needed.
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Execu-on Time Constraint (TIME)
• Measure the execu-on -me constraint • Percentage of available execu-on -me expected to be used
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
N/A N/A 50% usage 70% usage 85% usage 95% usage
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Main Storage Constraint (STOR)
• Degree of main storage constraint • Percentage of expected storage use
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
N/A N/A 50% usage 70% usage 85% usage 95% usage
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Pla\orm Vola-lity (PVOL)
• Includes hardware and so#ware – OS, DBMS, etc.
• Based on the frequency of changes on the pla\orm
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
N/A Major: 12 mo. Minor: 1 mo.
Major: 6 mo. Minor: 2 wk.
Major: 2 mo. Minor: 1 wk.
Major: 2 wk. Minor: 2 days
N/A
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Cost Drivers (Personnel)
• Analyst Capability (ACAP) • Programmer Capability (PCAP) • Personnel Con-nuity (PCON) • Applica-ons Experience (APEX) • Pla\orm Experience (PLEX) • Language and Tool Experience (LTEX)
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Analyst Capability (ACAP)
• Capability of requirements gatherer, high-‐level and detailed designers.
• Not based on the experience of analyst • Abili-es in
– Analysis and design – Efficiency and thoroughness – Communica+on and coopera+on
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
15th percen+le 35th percen+le 55th percen+le 75th percen+le 90th percen+le N/A
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Programmer Capability (PCAP)
• Ability of programmers to deal with – COTS packages – SDKs, frameworks, etc.
• Based on the capability of the team, not the individuals
• Not experience
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
15th percen+le 35th percen+le 55th percen+le 75th percen+le 90th percen+le N/A
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Applica-on Experience (APEX)
• Team’s experience with specific type of applica-on
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
2 months 6 months 1 year 3 years 6 years N/A
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Pla\orm Experience (PLEX)
• Experience with the pla\orms used – Database – Graphical user interface – Frameworks – Middlewares
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
2 months 6 months 1 year 3 years 6 years N/A
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Language and Tool Experience (LTEX)
• Experience on the programming language used
• Experience with the tool support used for development – IDE, DBMS
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
2 months 6 months 1 year 3 years 6 years N/A
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Personnel Con-nuity (PCON)
• Project’s annual personnel turnover
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
48%/year 24%/year 12%/year 6%/year 3%/year N/A
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PERSONNEL FACTOR EXERCISE
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Cost Drivers (Project)
• Use of So#ware Tools (TOOL) • Mul-site Development (SITE) • Required Development Schedule (SCED)
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Use of So#ware Tools (TOOL)
• Extensiveness on the use of tools in the development process – Code edi+ng – Life-‐cycle management
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Edit, code, debug
Simple, frontend, backend CASE, liple integra+on
Basic lifecycle tools, moderately integrated
Strong, mature lifecycle tools, moderately integrated
Strong, mature, proac+ve lifecycle tools, well integrated to processes
N/A
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Mul-site Development (SITE)
• Based on the loca-ons of the developers – Site colloca+on – Communica+on support
• Distributed teams require higher level of effort for communica-ons
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
Some phone, mail
Individual phone, fax
Narrowband mail
Wideband electronic communica+on
Occasional video conference
Interac+ve media
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Required Development Schedule (SCED)
• Based on percentage of schedule compression – Stretch-‐out or accelera+on – Accelerated schedules tend to produce more effort at early and later phases
– Balanced out by middle phases
• Higher ra-ngs do not add or decrease effort
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Very Low Low Nominal High Very High Extra High
75% of nominal 85% of nominal 100% 130% 160% N/A
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PROJECT FACTOR EXERCISE
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ขอบคุณคะ / ครับ
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