Sources of Energy
• Objectives: To develop an understanding of Different sources of energy.
• Agenda: Take notes, take out a separate sheet of paper to write questions and answers on as we go through the slides.
Converting food crops into biofuel “is a crime against humanity.”
Jean Zeigler, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, October 2007
Respond to this statement…what does it mean to you? Why would Zeigler say this?
Energy
• What does this picture mean to you? What is this picture of? Which conflict if any do you think this was from? Why?
Energy security
• What would it mean to you if gas went up to $6.00 a gallon? What would you be willing to give up?
• Movies?• Fast food?• Make up?• Shopping for clothes?
This Ferrari F430 runs on biofuel
Domestic use of roundwoodfor fuel:• 98% in Lebanon• 66% in Jordan• 44% in Turkey
Nepal: 90% of energy comes from fuelwood
Globally, 2 billion people rely on traditional biomass fuels.
Our modern societies are dependent on high energy use
Where are the highest concentrations of energy? Why? Explain your answer.
“Can you believe it? Since we installed our wood-burning stove we’ve spent next to nothing on heating oil.”
April 20, 2010
• BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.• Gushing approx 62,000 barrels of crude oil per
day• Caused extensive damage to marine and
wildlife habitat• Up to 4,200 square miles of the gulf were
impacted• Clean up still happening, impact still there
Alberta’s tar sands contain billions of barrels of oil, but current yield is only 1 million barrels per day and requires 3-10 barrels of water for each barrel of oil. Maximum possible production: 3 million barrels per day
We need to look at all the optionsAnalyze and explain the predicted trends
Source: International Energy Agency
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Biofuel yields of selected first generation ethanol and biodiesel feedstock
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Barley Wheat Corn Sugar beet Sugarcane
Soybean Castorbeans
Sunflowerseed
Rapeseed Jatropha Palm oil
Lit
ers
pe
r H
ec
tare
S o u rc e : F u lto n e t a l.
Ethanol Feedstock
Biodiesel Feedstock
Some market information…• Biofuel market development during the
last 5 years: now ~3% global gasoline consumption
• Biofuels may share ~10% of world fuel use for transport by 2025
• Less than 10% of global biofuels production is internationally traded
• But important expansion in global trade: key consumers (EU, US, and Japan) will not have the domestic capacity to meet internal demand
Dangers of Jatropha
• Highly invasive• Useless for food or fodder• Requires water and fertilizer• Requires processing facilities
2000-2005, Indonesia planted 1.6 million haof oil palm, with US$110 million in governmentsubsidies. 9.8 million ha of forest were lost.
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Forest growing on peat soils in Indonesia are burned to make way for
oil palm plantations
Releasing more carbon thanwill ever be stored by the palms
May 16, 2011
• Objectives: To develop a better understanding of bioenergy and biofuels.
• Question: What is an example of a biofuel?• Agenda: Notes: also 2 pieces of paper 1 for
questions.
0
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12,000
Prod
uctio
n (M
illion
Gall
ons)
World Fuel Ethanol Production by Country
2007
2008
2009
www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/data/
In Brazil, sugarcaneIn Brazil, sugarcanefields lose up to 30fields lose up to 30tons of topsoil pertons of topsoil perha per yearha per year
Burning of sugarcane fields beforeBurning of sugarcane fields beforeharvesting emits carbonharvesting emits carbon
Sugarcane produces the most Sugarcane produces the most ethanol per hectareethanol per hectare
One million jobs, mostly low-paying
By 2014, all fields must be mechanized and cannot burn, what can this mean for smaller farmers?
The cost of producing Beer in Germany is increasing, as farmers turn from growing barley to growing biofuels….waaaaaaaa….boo hooooo….too bad
The European Commissioner for Agriculture cancelled subsidies for set-asides in 2008, because of demand for biofuels. The EU mandated that biofuel must provide 5.6% of transport energy by 2010.
Policy may have gotten ahead of science
U.S. Mandate on ethanol
• “Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007”
• Automobiles must have an average of 35 mpg by 2015
• 36 bn gallons of biofuels in• Production by 2022• Does this mean that all Vehicles should be
retrofitted to achieve this?
Colorado’s Solix Biofuels harvests algae with a field of bioreactors that take a kind of painter’s drop cloth to bubble CO through its system
“Third generation” biofuels?
Algae • Algae production has the potential to outperform other
potential biodiesel products such as palm or corn. • For example, a 100-acre algae biodiesel plant could
potentially produce 10 million gallons of biodiesel in a single year.
• Experts estimate it will take 140 billion gallons of algae biodiesel to replace petroleum-based products each year.
• To reach this goal, algae biodiesel companies will only need about 95 million acres of land to build biodiesel plants, compared to billions of acres for other biodiesel products.
Marine algae: 10 times the oil content of oil palm(Botryococcus braunii produce 75%of their dry weight as hydrocarbons)
Sooo….what could be some determents to algae?
Some key complexities of bioenergy remain
• Diverse components: Feedstock supply, conversion technology, and energy use
• Diverse economic, social, and environmental factors
• Diverse scales, from local to international• Diverse objectives, from energy autonomy at
the local level to serving international markets
What should be the basis for the necessary trade-offs?
Three main systems of biomass production for energy
System 1. Small-holder production for local useSystem 2. Small-holder production with commercial processingSystem 3. Medium- and large-scale commercial production
The US has 113 ethanol distilleries and 77 more are under construction. Potential capacity: Over 44 billion liters (about 5% of US fuel consumption)
“Business Advisory: 16 Ethanol Plants Filing Bankruptcy, Many More to Come” DTN 20 June 2008.