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Sonoluminescence 声致发光(北京)清华大学物理系 安宇
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在 2003 年 3 月 8 日发行的 SCIENCE 》发表有关气泡聚变的文章
太阳温度 ~1 千万度
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一、简要历史1934 年, Cologne 大学的 H.Frenzel 和 H.Schultes 研究声纳时,发现声空化现象,并偶然观察到 “多气泡声致发光”( Multi-Bubble Sonoluminescence )现象
应用广泛、物理机制不十分清楚理论上关于气泡运动有许多研究,广泛使用的 R-P 方程或 modified version 就是例子( A. Prosperetti et al. 1986 )。
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1988 年, Mississippi 大学的 D.F.Gaitan 做博士论文时 观察到“单气泡声致发光”( Single-Bubble Sonoluminescence )现象
这个现象吸引了广泛关注,因为初看这个现象很奇特,( UCLA S.J.Putterman et al. )从能量角度,光频率 ~1017Hz ,而超声频率 ~105 ,能量差 12 个量级;光脉冲宽度 ~100ps ;与声场高度同步性;可能的高温 …… (C.C.Wu and P. H. Roberts 1994 )
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二、单气泡声致发光现象和装置单气泡陷在盛有水的球形烧瓶中心,烧瓶用压电陶瓷超声发生器激励,并使其稳定持续地发光数小时,肉眼可见。
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超声频率 >20kHz ,烧瓶中心声压峰值 ~1.5atm ,烧瓶直径 ~7cm ,功放功率 ~200w 。
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L.A. Crum, 1994.
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液体中空化气泡发光是普遍现象
ShrimpoluminescenceLohse et al. (2001)
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机械方法Van J. Schmid 1959汪承灏,张德俊 1964
气泡半径可达 ~ cm
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S. J. Putterman et al. 2003
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Venturi tube
P.D.Jarman and K.J.Taylor 1965
2/22~ inlbp
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S. J. Putterman and K. R. Weninger (2000)
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三、十几年来的重大进展1 、气体扩散平衡曲线
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气泡半径变化与 R0 、 PA 等参量有关,但无法人为控制 R0 。气泡在给定液体(温度、气体溶解度等),处于气体扩散平衡曲线,气泡才能稳定地脉动( M.M.Fyrillas and A.J.Szeri 1994) 。
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J.A.Ketterling and R.E.Apfel 1998
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2 、化学反应精馏效应( SBSL air bubble rectify argon )
实验结果与计算不相符,相图上浓度大致差 100 倍。解释为化学反应使气体变成溶于水的物质,只剩下氩气。( D.Lohse et al. 1997)
空气气泡发光,纯氧气或氮气或它们混合气泡,几乎不发光,惰性气体气泡发光。
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3 、稳定发光气泡的范围 实验和理论指出,稳定发光气泡只能是那些初始半径和外部激励声强小于某些临界值。其它区域气泡不稳定或不发光。这首先是实验确定( D.F.Gaitan et al. ) ,后由理论解释(S.Hilgenfeldt et al. 1996) 。
解释临界初始半径很成功,但临界外部激励声强的解释比较勉强。
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D.F.Gaitan and R.G.Holt 1999
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G.Simon et al. 2001
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刘海军 安宇 2003
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4 、光脉冲宽度和光谱的测量测量 (time-correlated single photon counting TCSPC) 显示光脉冲的半高宽与光波长无关( B.Gompf 1997) ,否定黑体辐射机制。
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连续谱 B.P. Barber et al. 1997
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T = 40,000K
R.Hiller et al. 1992 (25,000K) 南大 陈伟中等类似结果
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5 、 MBSL and SBSL
Matula et al. (1995).
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SBSL in adiponitrile.
spectral linedue to an excitation of CN
Didenko et al. (2000).
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OH
Young et al. (2001).
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1 、 MBSL and SBSL 本质上可能没有区别,MBSL 与发光弱的 SBSL 相似。这时线谱是重要的。2 、气泡内有液体的蒸汽,这些蒸汽分子会分解(化学反应)。但泡内温度允许根( OH 、CN )存在。3 、液体的蒸汽压影响气泡发光亮度,蒸汽压低的有机溶剂与水一样可以获得 SBSL 。
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(i) electron-ion bremsstrahlung, (ii) electron-neutral bremsstrahlung, (iii) radiative recombination
6 、发光机制或温度Simple model Hilgenfeldt et al. (1999)
温度在 20,000~30,000K
没有考虑水蒸气
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疑问:考虑水蒸气会如何?
温度在 7,000~18,000K
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Sonoluminescence spectra of CrCO6 in octanol solutions
Y. T. Didenko et al.(2000)
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Radiative attachment:形成负离子 H- 或O- 时发光。Excimers:激发态惰性气体原子与基态原子结合,分解时发光。Ion–atom bremsstrahlung and recombination:离子 -原子交换电荷和离子 -原子复合发光化学发光最终能既解释光脉冲宽度,也要解释光谱
D. HAMMER and L. FROMMHOLD 2001
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7 、冲击波气泡反弹时向外发射冲击波
Pecha and Gompf (2000).
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气泡内部?
C.C. Wu andP.H.Roberts 1993
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)(1)(1)( 22
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还考虑在界面上热交换,冲击波很难产生Vuong and Szeri, 1996;
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Prosperetti et al. 1988; Prosperetti and Lezzi (1986)
液体可压缩效应
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Gilmore, 1952; Brennen, 1995
考虑液体可压缩性,冲击波消失,但温度仍很高。 L.Yuan et al. 1998 ,应崇福 安宇 2002
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气泡聚变,内聚的冲击波加热气泡内的气体,计算的最高温度达到~1 千万度
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压强1014Pa
太阳中心:温度107K
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8 、水蒸气效应B.P. Barber et al. 1997
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Yasui, K., 1997
Storey, B. D., and A. J. Szeri, 2000
认识到水蒸气的影响,以及相关化学反应但预测温度大不相同,原因是均匀模型不考虑扩散效应另外化学反应速率在这种极端条件下如何变化,没有任何知识
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光强差 4 倍以上G.E.Vazquez and S.J.Putterman 2000
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0])[(1 22
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2/1
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安宇 等 2003
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9 、非球形发光气泡
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The jet from a transient bubble
Claus-Dieter Ohl et al. 1999
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Mogens T. Levinsen et al. 2003Period doubling
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Mogens T. Levinsen et al. 2003Period doubling in phase diagram
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10 、增强发光通过换溶液、换气体,增大驱动声压都可以使发光加强
值得一提的是利用谐频超声或脉冲
Hirotsugu Ogi et al. 2003,
Li Sheng-qiong(李晟琼 ) 等 2003
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谢谢!