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Solutions & Solubility
ChemistryMrs. Stoops
General Chapter16Accelerated Chapter 13
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Parts of a Solution
What is being
dissolved
What is DOING the dissolving
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Miscible Immiscible
Miscible and Immiscible describe whether two liquids will mix with each other or not
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Factors that Affect Solution Formation
Stirring Particle Size Temperature
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Solubility - saturatedAbility to be dissolved
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Solubility - Supersaturated
Highly unstable
Saturated solution that was heated and more solute was added. Then the solution was cooled slowly
Addition of one piece can cause crystals to form (shown above)
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Factors affecting solubility
Pressure
Temperature
Gases only
The type of substance – solute and
solvent interaction
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Solubility Graph
Amount that can
dissolve
Above the line
On the line
Below the line
There is extra
Completely
dissolves
More could dissolve
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What is solubility of KNO3 at 50 C?
80 g per 100 mL H2OIf the temperature
changes from 90 C to 50 C, what happens to NH4Cl?20 g falls out of
solution
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Units of Concentration
• Need to be more specific than “a lot” or “a little” • Describes how much solute is dissolved in a
solution• Examples include:
– Ppm– Ppb– Molarity– % by mass– % by volume– Molality– And others
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Molarity
• Describes amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solution
• Units are molar (or molarity)• Abbreviated M• Can be whole numbers or decimals
solution of literssolute of moles
Molarity
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Molarity Examples
• Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 15 gKCl into 25 mL of water
KCl mol 0.20KCl 74gKCl 1mol
KCl 15g Part 1
Part 2
M 8.00.025L
KCl 0.20mol
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Molarity Examples
• What mass of MgCl2 is needed to make a 250 mL solution that has a molarity of 0.15M?
0.250LMgCl moles ?
0.15M 2Part 1
0.0375 mol MgCl2
Part 2
22
22 MgCl 3.53g
MgCl 1molMgCl 94g
MgCl 0.0375mol
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% by Mass
• Compares the amount of solute (or solvent) in a certain amount of solution
• By mass (so grams usually)
100solution of mass total
component of mass%mass
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Example
• If the percent (mass/mass) for a solute is 4 % and the mass of the solution is 200 g, what is the mass of solute in the solution?
100solution of mass total
solute of massmass %
g 82000.04
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% by Volume
• Same as % by mass except uses volume• Usually mL or L
100solution of volume total
component of volume%volume
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Example
If the volume of solute is 6.0 mL and volume of solution is 300.0 mL, what is the solute’s percent by volume?
% 2.0 100mL 300.0
mL 6.0volume %