Lecture 1
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Software Project Management Introduction
Prof. Dr. M. Anwar-ur-Rehman Pasha
Rector
IT-hub Sargodha
1 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Project - Definition
A project is a sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities
having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by a specific
time, within budget, and according to specification.
PMI Definition a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service with five characteristics 1. Consist of phases Initiating, Planning, Executing,
and Closing 2. Delivers an output in the form of a product, a service,
or a capability 3. Face constraints in term of time, budget and
resources 4. Produce progressive elaboration 5. delivers a unique output
A set of activities of finite duration performed to achieved a
defined target/goal.
2 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Phases vs Activities
• A project can be broken down into phases, or tasks to be done.
• An Activity is a set of tasks performed towards a specific purpose.
• A Phase is a set of tasks performed over time; defined by its start and end points.
• Each phase has its – entry criteria, – exit criteria, – resources, – deliverables and – reports.
3 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
What is management?
• Planning - deciding what is to be done;
• Organizing - making arrangement :
• Staffing -selecting the right people for the job.
• Directing - giving instructions;
• Monitoring - checking on progress:
• Controlling -taking action to remedy hold-ups;
• Innovating -coming up with new solutions;
• Representing - liaising with users etc.
4 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Project Management
• Defining and achieving targets while optimizing the use of resources (time, money, people, materials, energy, space, etc) over the course of a project.
OR • Application of knowledge, skills, tools, and
techniques to project activities to meet the project’s goals through the use of PM processes (Initiating, Planning, Executing, Controlling, and Closing) in the light of controlling variables: scope, time, cost, risk, and quality:
5 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Project Management Framework
6 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Programs, Subprojects, and Portfolios
• Programs: a set of related projects managed in a coordinated way.
• Subprojects. Parts of a complex/large project. A way in which one can organize the implementation of some specific objectives of a larger project.
• Portfolios: a set of independent projects that can be coordinated to achieve better results based on numerous key characteristics.
7 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Role of People in PM
• People are a key contributor to the success of projects through mitigating the impact of technologies that do not work as expected and finding creative solutions when the unexpected occurs.
• People are a key contributor to the failure of a project through their sloppiness or disinterest.
• PM key areas: – Stakeholder Management – Human Resource Management – Communications Management
8 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Differentiating Factors of Software Projects
• Software is an intangible product.
• Software is a cognitive and human-based development process.
• Unique solutions require innovative problem solving skills.
• Human intellectual capital is the primary asset of software projects and organizations.
• Higher degree of uncertainty in both project and product scope.
9 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Differentiating Factors of Software Projects (Cont.)
• Communication and coordination within software teams and with project stakeholders is challenging.
• Users’ requirements are often imprecise; hence, the degree of change of requirements is very high which makes initial planning and estimation of software projects challenging.
• Enormous number of logical paths in program modules and all the combinations of interface details make the development and evolution of software systems challenging.
10 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Differentiating Factors of Software Projects (Cont.)
• Require exhaustive testing; introducing time and related complexity constraints.
• Software security is a large and growing challenge.
• Objective measurement and quantification of software quality is difficult.
• Learning and knowledge creation in software development is more difficult because processes, methods, and tools are constantly evolving.
• The execution of software is platform-dependent and is often an element of a system consisting of diverse hardware, other software, and manual procedures.
11 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Differentiating Factors of Software Projects (Cont.)
Organization-level factors:
• Domain: For what domain is the software (–based) product developed?
• Instances: How many instances of the software (–based) product will be deployed?
• Maturity: How mature are the processes of the software developing organization? (d)
• Level of innovation: How innovative is the organization?
• Culture: In which culture are the projects developed?
12 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Differentiating factors of Software Projects (Cont.)
Project-level factors: • Size: How big is the system under development? • Stable architecture: Is a stable architecture in place? • Business model: Under which business model is the software (–based)
product developed? • Team distribution: How many teams are working in the project and in
which configuration? • Rate of change: How stable is your business environment and how many
risks and uncertainties are you facing? • Age of system: Greenfield (from scratch) vs. brownfield (evolving)
software system development? • Criticality: How many people’s safety will be threatened if the system
fails? • Governance: Who manages the project managers? How much governance
is applied to the project?
13 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Software Project Management
Applying PM and SE methods to develop/maintain a software product so that the goal of developing/ maintaining a software product can be achieved using minimum possible resources and money and within the minimum time possible.
14 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Types of Software Projects
• Software development life cycle (SDLC) projects – Full life cycle projects – Partial life cycle projects
• Approach-driven software development projects – “Fresh” development (creating the entire software from
“scratch”) – COTS (Commercial off-the-shelf) product – customization/implementation – Porting – Migration
• Conversion of existing software to meet changed conditions such as Y2K
15 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Types of Software Projects
• Software development life cycle (SDLC) projects – Full life cycle projects – Partial life cycle projects
• Approach-driven software development projects – “Fresh” development (creating the entire software from
“scratch”) – COTS (Commercial off-the-shelf) product – customization/implementation – Porting – Migration
• Conversion of existing software to meet changed conditions such as Y2K
16 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Types of Software Projects (Cont.)
Maintenance projects
– Defect repair
– Functional expansion
– Operational support
– Fixing odd behavior
– Software modification
– Web application projects
– Agile development projects
17 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Types of Software Projects (Cont.)
• Software Applications Development
– Bespoke systems
– Off-the-shelf applications
– A customized off-the-shelf application
• Process and Systems Reengineering Services:
• System Integration Services:
• Consulting services:
18 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Phases of the Software Development Lifecycle
• Plans & Requirements
• Product Design
• Detailed Design
• Code and Unit Test
• Integration and Test
• Implementation
• Operations and Maintenance
• Phase Out
19 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Water Fall Model
• Water Fall Model
• Boehm’s Risk Spiral model
• Prototyping Paradigm
• Evolutionary (Incremental) Development
• Extreme Programming (XP)
• Agile Programming
• Synchronize-and-stabilize
20 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
SE Common Activities
• Requirements Analysis
• Product Design
• Programming
• Test Planning
• Verification & Validation
• Project Office functions
• Configuration management and quality assurance
• Manuals
21 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Software Project Management BOK
1. Integration Management 2. Scope Management 3. Time Management 4. Cost Management 5. Quality Management 6. Human Resource Management 7. Communications Management 8. Risk Management 9. Procurement Management 10. Stakeholder Management
22 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
SPM Processes
• Project initiation • Project execution • Project closure • Project acquisition • The PMO (project management office) • Measurement and analysis • The training process • The knowledge repository process • Process engineering group processes • Software engineering processes
23 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Tasks of Project Initiation
• Review and revision(s) of preliminary estimates
• Identification and acquisition of necessary resources
• Finalization of service level agreements (SLAs) between various stakeholders of the project
• Preparation of project plans
• Conducting induction training for team members
• Kickoff of project
24 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Tasks of Project Execution
• Work Management
• Configuration Management
• Quality Management
• Productivity Management
• Team Management
• Customer Management
• Measurement and Analysis
• Project Monitoring
• Reporting and Escalation
• Project Delivery
• User Training
• Documentation
25 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Tasks of Project Closure
• Release of project resources • Documentation of best and worst practices as well as
lessons learned in the project • Identification of reusable components and documentation
of their design and usage • Updating of the skills database • Updating of the knowledge repository with lessons learned
and best and worst practices • Updating of the code library with reusable components • Conducting the project postmortem • Conducting a knowledge-sharing session • Release of the software project manager (SPM)
26 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Organizational-level Processes
Project Acquisition
• RFP (request for proposal) scrutiny (a feasibility study in the case of internal projects)
• Cost estimation
• Proposal preparation and submission
• RFP follow up
• Obtaining the order (obtaining budget approvals in the case of internal projects)
27 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Measurement and analysis
• Measurement procedures
• Analysis procedures
• Process capability determination procedures
• Metrics reporting procedures
28 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
The Training Process
• Identification of organizational training needs • Fulfilling skill gaps uncovered during training
needs analysis • Maintaining a skill database for all organizational
human resources • Maintaining a training material repository as part
of the organizational knowledge repository • Taking ownership for maintaining the
organization at the cutting edge of the organization’s chosen area of expertise
29 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
The Knowledge Repository Process
• Identifying components of the organizational knowledge repository
• Designing, building, and maintaining the organizational repository
• Periodically carrying out cleanup of the repository
30 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Process Engineering Group Processes
• Defining and maintaining organizational processes
• Defining process and quality audit processes
• Defining roles and responsibilities
31 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Software Engineering Processes
• Requirements processes
• Software design processes
• Software construction processes
• Software testing processes
32 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Project Management Challanges
33 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Factors of Project Failure
• Poor estimates and plans;
• Lack of quality s1andards and measures:
• Lack of guidance about making organizational decisions;
• Lack of techniques to make progress visible;
• Poor role definition - who does what?
• Incorrect success criteria.
34 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Problems Identified by Students
• Inadequate specification of work
• Management ignorance of IT
• Lack of knowledge of application area
• Lack of standards
• Lack of up-to-date documentation
35 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Some Other Reasons
• Preceding activities not completed on time - including late delivery of equipment
• Lack of communication between users and technicians
• Lack of communication leading to duplication of work
• Lack of commitment - especially when a project is tied to one person who then moves
36 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Some Other Reasons (Cont.)
• Narrow scope of technical expertise
• Changing statutory requirements
• Changing software environment
• Deadline pressure
• Lack or quality control
• Remote management
• Lack of training
37 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Tasks of SPM Office
• Project initiation – Identification of software project manager (SPM) – Allocation of resources for the project – Finalization of SLAs (service level agreements) between various
stakeholders of the project – Kickoff of project
• Project execution – Project monitoring – Exception reporting – Measurement and analysis at the organization level
• Project closure – Takeover of project records – Coordination of knowledge sharing
38 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Tasks of Project Manager
• Planning the work • Estimating resources • Organizing the work • Acquiring human and material resources • Assigning tasks • Directing activities • Controlling project execution • Reporting progress • Analyzing the results based on the facts achieved
39 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Characteristics of Successful SP Manager
40 Software Project Management Lecture Slides
IT-hub Sargodha
Pro
f. Dr. M
. A. Pash
a Lecture Slid
es
Thank You
41 Software Project Management Lecture Slides