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Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
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Reactants Reaction Products
2 H2 2 H2OO2+
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Nucleus
Protons (+ charge)determine element
Neutrons (no charge)determine isotope
Electrons (– charge)form negative cloudand determinechemical behavior
Atom
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Cloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)
Electrons
Nucleus
(a) (b)
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A ball bouncing down a flightof stairs provides an analogyfor energy levels of electrons.
Third shell (highest energylevel in this model)
Second shell (higherenergy level)
First shell (lowest energylevel)
Atomic nucleus
Energyabsorbed
Energy lost
(b)
(a)
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Electronorbitals
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Neon, with two filledShells (10 electrons)
First shell
Second shell
First shell Second shell
1s orbital 2s orbital Three 2p orbitals
(a) Electron distribution diagram
(b) Separate electron orbitals
(c) Superimposed electron orbitals
1s, 2s, and2p orbitals
x y
z
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First shell
Second shell
Third shell
Hydrogen
1H
Lithium
3Li
Sodium
11Na
Beryllium
4Be
Magnesium
12Mg
Boron
5B
Aluminum
13Al
Carbon
6C
Silicon
14Si
Nitrogen
7N
Phosphorus
15P
Oxygen
8O
Sulfur
16S
Fluorine
9F
Chlorine
17Cl
Neon
10Ne
Argon
18Ar
Helium
2He2
He4.00Mass number
Atomic number
Element symbol
Electrondistributiondiagram
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+ –
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom
Na+
Sodium ion(a cation)
Cl–
Chloride ion(an anion)
Ionic bond
Electronictransferforms ions
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Na+
Cl–
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Hydrogen atoms (2 H)
Hydrogen molecule (H2)
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Singlecovalent bond
Doublecovalent bond
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(a) Hydrogen (H2)
(b) Oxygen (O2)
(c) Water (H2O)
Name andMolecularFormula
ElectronDistribution
Diagram
Lewis DotStructure and
StructuralFormula
Space-FillingModel
(d) Methane (CH4)
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H H
H2O+ +
–
O
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Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Hydrogen bond
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
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s orbital Three p orbitalsFour hybrid orbitals
Tetrahedron
(a) Hybridization of orbitals
z
x
y
Space-FillingModel
Ball-and-StickModel
Hybrid-Orbital Model(with ball-and-stick
model superimposed)
UnbondedElectronpair
Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
(b) Molecular-shape models
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Natural endorphin
Morphine
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Oxygen
(a) Structures of endorphin and morphine
(b) Binding to endorphin receptors
Brain cell
MorphineNaturalendorphin
Endorphinreceptors
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