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Social learning and culture
• Forms• Audio-vocal learning• Consequences
– Rate of transmission
– Traditions and culture
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Forms of social learning
Local enhancement– Locate foraging sites by attending
to others
Social facilitation– Animals feed faster in a group
Observational learning (copying)– Observer modifies behavior after
demonstrator
Imitation– Observer matches behavioral
action and goal
Teaching– Demonstrator performs behavior
only to naïve observer
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Local enhancement in cliff swallows
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Social facilitation in ravens
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Diet transfer in rats
Observational learning
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Diet tradition in Norway rats
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Imitation in rats?
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Pine cone learning in rats, a natural example of imitation?
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“Teaching” to mob
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Observational conditioning
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Social learning dilemma
• Observational learning reduces costs by minimizing errors. Do we expect everyone in a population to use observational learning?
• No, because someone has to figure out the correct behavior first.
• Asocial learners = producers, social learners = scroungers
• Expect social learning to be used selectively
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Scrounging can interfere with skill acquisition
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Song learning requires a learned “template”
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Acquisition of template can be influeced by social experience
Live tutor present
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Dialects in white-crowned sparrows - a cultural tradition?
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Whistle sharing in bottlenose dolphins
• Males form alliances that persist for many years
• Dolphins can imitate sounds
• Alliance partners share whistle types
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Greater spear-nosed bats learn group distinctive calls
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Vervet alarm calls
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Alarm calls refer to predators
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Development of vervet
alarm calls
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Vervet infants learn when to call
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Rate of change depends on form of transfer
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Observational learning can lead to epidemic rates of change
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Cream stealing by blue tits
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Observational learning can create traditions (culture)
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Evolutionary consequences
Transmission type Instinct Imprinting Individual Social
Transmission speed slow slow medium fast
Environmental tracking low medium high medium
Cost of mistakes high high low low
Error frequency low low high medium
Exploitability high medium low medium