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Social & Environmental Issues in
Urban Areas
Urbanization and Environmental Issues in
Punjab: Challenges and Way Forward
Presented By:
Murad Khan Rana
(SWM Specialist)2
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SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
Currency of the issue
Introduction
Different Perspectives
Analysis of the Issue
Popular Beliefs
Urban Issues
Management Issues
Institutional Response
Recommendations3
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•In 1947, 17% of the country
could be called urban.
•1998 census reported that
32.5% of the country was
urban, which, according to
studies by the Planning
Commission, will grow to
nearly 50% by 2030.
4
August 25, 2013
CURRENCY OF THE ISSUE
Growing urbanization: Shifting sands by Dr. NomanAhmed
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Science solid on global
warming, IPCC declares.
• "We need to seize the
opportunities of a low-
carbon future," UN
Secretary-General Ban
Ki-moon ."The heat is
on, now we must act.―
• 5th assessment report by
the UN body said
warming of the climate
system was
"unequivocal" and there
was now a 95 per cent
probability….5
CURRENCY OF THE ISSUE
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) 28-Sep-2013
http://www.ipcc.ch/
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INTRODUCTION• URBAN:
A continuously and contiguously
built up land mass of urban
development containing high
population density, labour market
and vast human features in
comparison to its surroundings.
Parameters vary from country to
country
– Population (5000-10000 Persons)
– Non Agricultural Activities (66%)6
Source: The Urban Unit
Source: Arthur B. Gallion and Simon Einser, The Urban Pattern (City Planning and Design), (135 west 50th
street, new york, van nostrand reinhold publishers, 1983), 3.
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INTRODUCTION• URBANIZATION:
Urbanization is the processby which large numbers ofpeople become permanentlyconcentrated in relativelysmall areas, forming cities.Internal rural to urbanmigration means that peoplemove from rural areas tourban areas. In this processthe number of people livingin cities increases compared
with the number of peopleliving in rural areas
7http://water.tkk.fi/wr/tutkimus/glob/publications/Haapala/pdf-files/URBANIZATION.pdf
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INTRODUCTION
• ENVIRONMENT :
means—(a) air, water and land;
(b) all layers of the atmosphere;
(c) all organic and inorganic
matter and living organisms; (d)
the ecosystem and ecological
relationships; (e)
buildings, structures, roads, facili
ties and works; all social and
economic conditions affecting
community life; and (g) the inter-
relationships between any of the
factors specified in (a) to (f);8
Source:
http://www.environment.gov.pk
/act-rules/envprotact1997.pdf
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GLOBAL URBANIZATION TRENDS
9Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. New York, 2012
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URBANIZATION TRENDS IN PUNJAB
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
100,000,000
1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 2012
Rural
Urban
10Source: www.world gazetteer.com
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION• 40 per cent of reported deaths and 25-30 per cent of
hospital admissions ascribe to a single source, water-
borne disease.
• 11 million hectares of arable land, out of 3 million, is
suffering from problems of water logging and about
three million from salinity.
• Water Level upto700 feet in Lahore is considered unfit
for human consumption.
• 143 per cent increase in the number of motorcycles
and a 24 per cent increase in rickshaws over the last
decade.
11
Source: The environmental degradation is ‘real’! By Sakina Hussain-2012.
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ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
• Karachi is one of the most polluted (air and water) cities
of the world where total suspended particulates (TSP) is
three to four times higher than the level determined as
safe by WHO.
• Similar conditions prevail in other major cities like
Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan, Hyderabad, Rawalpindi, an
d Peshawar.
• In addition to this, tons of rubbish and filth burnt by the
sanitary workers of metropolitan corporations, in almost
every part of the cities, further worsen this situation.
12
Source: http://download-reports.blogspot.com/2011/04/rising-urbanization-
in-pakistan.html
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13
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES
Economist Perspective
– Urbanization is an alarming trend need to be curtailed
through
• Creating balance in opportunities & rural
development
• Rationing of education expansion
• Expansion of labor intensive industry
• Reduce population growth
• Decentralized authority
Source (Economic Development Michael P. Todaro & Stephen. C . Smith)
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14
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Environmentalist Perspective
– Urban environmental problems are typically related to the
level of intensity of human activities – a function of
population density and activity type;
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
• Atmosphere
– Social & Economic problems are also associates with
urbanization include
• Poverty
• Crime
• Low Quality Housing
• Food Scarcity
SOURCE: Urbanization and Environment: A
Comparative Study Xinhao Wang, PhD, AIC Associate
Professor of Planning, [email protected]
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15
DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES Urban Planning Perspective
– Old School
• Megacities are not sustainable
• Curtail the size
• Divert the demand to new cities
• Integrated Rural Development (1960’s -80’s)
– New School
• Cities contain huge potential, must be capitalized
• New avenues of economic growth in services sector
• Technological advancement & innovations
• Economies of scale – Urban agglomeration
• Manage urbanization to benefithttp://www.fig.net/pub/figpub/pub48/figpub48.pdf
Source: Minhajuddin Khan and Muntazir Khan, “Rural Development Planning in Pakistan, Course Handbook and Survey Report” by HSD Division, AIT, Thailand; 1986
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IssuesIssues
Loss of Agricultural Land and
other Green Spaces
Load on Services (Health,
Transportation, Education,
Recreation, Other public
Buildings)
Air Pollution-Emissions from
vehicles & industry, & Fog,
smog etc
Road space/ Circulation-
deficiency
Modification of micro climate
(Urban Heat Islands)
Visual Pollution (Unset Urban
morphology)
Energy Deficiency Noise Pollution Water Pollutions
Social Fabric – Anonymity Unemployment Soil Pollution/Contamination
Per capita consumption of
food, energy and durable
goods
Food Security Water Scarcity
Wildlife, Ecosystem Waste Disposal including
industrial & hospital waste
Low Quality Housing/Slums
Housing Back Log
Poverty
Crime16
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WHAT ARE THE REAL ISSUES?
17
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LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND AND OTHER GREEN SPACES
• Fertile agricultural land and
precious Green Spaces
should not be sacrificed for
unplanned and unauthorized
urban expansion.
• In rural areas 100 household
covers 100 kanal but in urban
it covers much less may be
20 kanal.
18
Source: Urbanization And Loss of Agricultural Land and
Productivity, by Rukhsana Javed, Farzana Shaukat, Iffat Jabeen
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SOCIAL FABRIC – ANONYMITY, CRIME
• Part of the "charm" of living in a small ruralcommunity is that each neighbor is usuallywell aware of what the others are doing. Thedegree of anonymity most often associatedwith urban living is often absent in ruralcommunities
• Higher crime rates
• But - Urban is more egalitarian.
19http://www.uky.edu/~deberti/socsaea.htm
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PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF FOOD, ENERGY AND DURABLE GOODS
• Globally, agriculture has met the
demands from this rapidly growing
urban population, including
food, energy and durable goods.
• It is attributed to higher income
levels and better living standards.
20
Source: Urbanization and its implications for food and farming by David Satterthwaite*, Gordon McGranahan and Cecilia Tacoli
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Sanitation Facilities
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Urban Rural Overall
Flush
No Flush
No Toilet
21Source: PSLM 2006/07
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LOAD ON SERVICES
• In 2004, transport energy use amounted to 26% of total
world energy use and the transport sector was
responsible for about 23% of world energy-related GHG
emissions
• All urban services, social and municipal come under
stress
• Agreed but in rural areas cost of providing services is muchhigher.
• Lower per capita consumption of services also means
inequity in service delivery
• In urban areas, services are more optimally used
22
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AIR & NOISE POLLUTION
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
2002
2011
23
Number of registered vehicles in Punjab (Source: Punjab Development Statistics)
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11 2011-12
Sohrab 425,24 397,93 319,39 353,57 278,49 209,92
Eagle 19,675 18,000 16,200 14,750 13,470 11,975
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
Decreasing Demand of Bicycles
Source: EPD Punjab
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24
Ambient Air Quality In Big Cities Of Punjab, March 2010
CityOzoneug/m3
SO2
ug/m3
COmg/m3
NOXug/m3
PM 2.5ug/m3
180*1 hr 120*24hrs 5*8 hrs 80*24 hrs 40*24 hrs
WHO/ USEPA
Standards25 50 09 107 120
Lahore 32.8 72.8 2.5 164.4 252.3
Faisalabad 31.2 69.7 2.0 170.5 255.2
Rawalpindi 46.0 74.0 2.0 177.0 128.0
Gujranwala 31.5 75.3 2.3 179.2 260.3
Sahiwal 13.2 5.0 0.5 20.3 73.8
Multan 15.0 29.0 1.8 77.0 170.0
Bahawalpur 18.2 38.9 2.0 94.4 209.4
Muzafargarh 36.0 18.0 1.0 62.0 189.0
SO2: Sulfur Dioxide,
CO: Carbon monoxide, NOx: Nitrogen Oxides,
PM2.5: Particulate Matter up to 2.5 micron
Source: EPD Punjab
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WATER POLLUTION
•Excess of arsenic and
fluoride found in several cities
of the Punjab
•More than two million people
in 6 districts of Punjab are
drinking contaminated water
higher than WHO permissible
level of arsenic.
Source: A study for monitoring the quality of water in Pakistan by Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR), 2001
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WATER SCARCITY
Source: Draft PRSP 2, Planning Commission, 2008
Water availability and population growth, 1951–2025 (Cubic meters)
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IN LAHORE, WE ARE MINING WATER
27
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VISUAL POLLUTION
• Rapid pace of urbanizationcauses visual pollution inurban areas. Visual pollutiondisturbs the aesthetics bycreating negative changes inthe natural and builtenvironment. Billboards,open storage of trash, spacedebris, telephone towers,electric wires, buildings andautomobiles are forms ofvisual pollution.
28
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HOUSING BACKLOG & FORMATION OF UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS
• Housing stock deficit 2.4
million.
• 0.2 million annual addition in
deficit
• 50% of urban slums
29
Source: (www.news/295411/punjab-s-
50pc-urban-folks-live-in-slums)
(National Housing Policy 2001)
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WASTE DISPOSAL INCLUDING INDUSTRIAL & HOSPITAL WASTE
• Waste generation (percapita) is more in urbanand waste pattern isalso different (moreinorganic)
• Urban 0.55 Kg/cap/day
• Rural 0.45 Kg/cap/day
• Only in Lahore 5500tons of municipal waste
30
Source: Lahore Waste Management Company
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SOIL POLLUTION
• Faisalabad, Lahore,Kasur, Sheikhupura, &kala shah kaku – soil iscontaminated throughsalts & heavy metals
• 1810 cusecs municipals• sewage and toxic
industrial effluents arebeing thrown into riverby ten sewage drains andpumping stations
31
http://tribune.com.pk/story/398626/river-clean-up-report-commissioned-on-sources-of-pollution-in-ravi/River Ravi Potentials, Pollution And Solutions: An Overview
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ECOSYSTEM, WILDLIFE
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Faisalabad Lahore Multan
2006
2011
32
Area Under Forest (Thousand hectors)
•4% of land is covered with
forest
•Gradual Decrease in the
forest land due to urban
sprawl
•Private land is converting
in to housing societies
Source: Introduction to landscape of Pakistan, www.rrcap.unep.org
Source: Punjab Development Statistics
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MODIFICATION OF MICROCLIMATE
33
The annual mean air
temperature of a city with one
million or more people can be
1.8 to 5.4°F (1 to 3°C) warmer
than its surroundings, and on a
clear, calm night, this
temperature difference can be
as much as 22°F (12°C). Even
smaller cities and towns will
produce heat islands, though
the effect often decreases as
city size decreases.
Source:www.epa.gov/heatisland/res
ources/pdf/BasicsCompendium.pdf
Source:www.law.georgetown.edu/academi
cs/academic-programs/clinical-
programs/our-clinics/HIP/Climate-work.cfm
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UNEMPLOYMENT, CRIME & POVERTY• By 2029 over 60% of world population
will live in urban cities. Urbanemployment is already in disastercaused by tough competition due toexcessive supply to limited buyingpower would lead to massiveunemployment.
• Urban issue but employmentgeneration induces urbanization
• Punjab witnesses 10.2% increase incrime ratio
• The crime against person andproperty, shows upward trend with theaverage of 24.12%
• General trend regarding crime is morein urban than rural
34
SOURCE: http://members.tripod.com/sadashivan_nair/negativepositivefactorsandwe/id19.html)
Crime Rate in PunjabSource: http://tribune.com.pk/story/272911/punjab
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BENEFITS OF URBANIZATION• Cities are engines of growth
• Proximity and Concentration – Compact Development
• Business like organization of municipality
• Small scale monitoring of livability
• Employment Generation
• Preservation of rural area
• Better living conditions
• Enhanced service delivery e.g Vaccination rate
• Better access to services
• Opportunity for concentrated political movement
• Diffusion of innovation
35
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SUMMARYMyths Urban Issues Management issues
Loss of Agricultural Land and other
Green Spaces
Load on Services (Health,
Transportation, Education,
Recreation, Other public
Buildings)
Air Pollution-Emissions from
vehicles & industry, & Fog,
smog etc
Road space/ Circulation-deficiency Modification of micro climate
(Urban Heat Islands)
Visual Pollution (Unset Urban
morphology)
Energy Deficiency Noise Pollution Water Pollutions
Social Fabric – Anonymity Unemployment Soil Pollution/Contamination
Per capita consumption of food,
energy and durable goods
Food Security Water Scarcity
Wildlife, Ecosystem Waste Disposal including industrial
& hospital waste
Low Quality Housing/Slums
Housing Back Log
Poverty
Crime
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INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE
• National Housing Policy 2001
• No provincial housing policy
• Housing, Urban Development and Public Health
Engineering Department
• Local Government & Rural Development Department
• Devolution Plan 2001
• Environment Protection Department (BS 17 & 16)
• Transport Department (26 MVEs, checked 386360 in last
year)
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RECOMMENDATIONS• Shifting of industries outside the urban areas and
outsourcing of emission testing,.
• Regulation of prequalification of
architects, Beautification competition
• Community cost sharing model for improved sanitation.
• Full cost recovery, Resource generation through
recycling of municipal services.
• Alternate plans for achieving objectives. WASA Lahore
spends 450 million/annum on storm water. Sufficient for
1000 invert wells. .
• Revenue generation from waste auction, RDF, or Waste
to Energy
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RECOMMENDATIONS
• Buy back the underutilized areas and
capitalize the potential
• Heavy taxation on vacant plot. Housing
policy to cater for mandatory high rise
portion, infilling of existing approved areas
• Explore PPP options for mass transit,
Revision of rates of parking etc
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