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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
Shinto – kami-no-michi
Confucianism
Buddhism
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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
Shinto – developed during the Kofun period ~250-538 CE
An animist religion based on fertility, purification, and an annual agricultural ceremonial cycle
Shrines dedicated to deities supporting a central myth cycle Shrines served by attendant priests, but religion lacked central organization
(e.g. the Catholic Church’s ecclesiastical hierarchy) Connection of myth to the imperial family via a divine ancestress—
Amaterasu, the Sun-Goddess Adaption of certain elements of other religions—Buddhism and
Confucianism—shortly after their adoption by both elites and peasants National Shinto, as buttressed by the connection of the imperial family to
Amaterasu, tied a relatively homogeneous people to the land—as a national homeland, as well as to the Emperor—as a deity National Shinto was a central rallying point of the Meiji Restoration
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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
Confucianism an ethical system that serves as the foundation of Bushido as an
ethical system fostered a system of hierarchical loyalty—especially important during
Japan’s long period of feudalism
metaphysical system lacking an ecclesiastical structure
provides order and a philosophical structure lacking in Taoism
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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
Buddhism – first introduced during the Azuka (late Yamato Period) – and reintroduced during the Kamakura Period (why did it take so long to take?) Zen - Rinzai - Eisai (1141-1215) – taught that the Buddha-mind
could only be gained through meditation (dhyana) and not via worshipping Buddhas or reciting sutras
Zen - Soto - Dogen (1200-1253) – lived as a hermit disavowing all possessions and notoriety
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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
Buddhism – first introduced during the Azuka (late Yamato Period) – and reintroduced during the Kamakura Period (why did it take so long to take?)
Nichiren - Nichiren (1222-1282) – stated that Siddhartha, the original Buddha, expressed the law of life (the Buddha Nature inherent in all) within the Lotus Sutra. Expressed that the worship of any other Buddha, or forms of Buddhism, was disloyal to the true Buddha and inefficacious (Anesaki 1916:8-11 and Bellah 1959:68)
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The contributions of religion to a national Japanese identity
The confluence of Shinto, Buddhism and Confucianism can be found in the inherently goodness of the individual—situations may obscure that goodness
This can be contrasted to western monotheistic religions where the nature of the individual is understood as flawed or sinful
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Swords and Swordsmanship Katana: modeled after the Chinese sword, the
Japanese sword took a unique form Single edged blade Blade created by folding steel over onto itself – fifteen
to sixteen times creating 16,384 to 32,768 layers Form a function of utility – used both on horseback
and in close-combat – length changed over time as modes of combat and social relations—Sengoku period [warring states] to Tokugawa peace—changed
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Swords and Swordsmanship
Accounts of battles are at best fanciful
Both warfare on a grand-scale and single combat are markedly different in character and practice
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Swords and Swordsmanship
Techniques developed as a consequence of the manner in which wars were fought
From general expertise in horsemanship and weapons (heiho or bugei) to specialization (kendo, kyudo, etc.) – over the Kamakura to the Sengoku periods – subsequent changes and greater specialization during the Tokugawa peace
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Swords and Swordsmanship
Dueling develops as a result of musha shugyo – a quest to learn via challenge and instruction during the Sengoku period
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Swords and Swordsmanship
Dueling develops as a result of musha shugyo – a quest to learn via challenge and instruction during the Sengoku period
The Gracie Challenge (a new form of musha shugyo)– “If you want you face smashed and split open, your backside kicked and your arms broken, contact Carlos Gracie at this address” 1925 – newspaper ad, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Similar challenges were issued during the late 1980’s through the first decade of the 21st Century by the Children of Carlos and Helio Gracie in the United States
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Swords and Swordsmanship The Tokugawa peace brought with it a transformation
of martial techniques to marital arts
Three periods of Tokugawa Swordsmanship The Era of Great Swordsmen - From the late Sengoku
period ~1573 to ~1651 (the death of Iemitsu—the third Tokugawa Shogun)
The Rise of Kata Kenjutsu - ~1644 to ~1789 the development of the martial arts and the great training halls
The Era of Shiai - ~1789 to ~1868 – the development of competitions
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Swords and Swordsmanship
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Swords and Swordsmanship
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Theodore Roosevelt’s and boxer John L. Sullivan’s characterizations of Jiu-jitsu Was the characterization of black boxer Jack Johnson
different?
Newspaper accounts of matches between Jiu-jitsuka and Western wrestlers Jiu-jitsu characterized as deceptive, uncivilized, brutal,
barbaric, and sneaky
Although Jiu-jitsuka often won, accounts noted that pugilists could “lay-low the most expert Jiu-jitsuist”
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts Racializing and genderizing Jiu-jitsu
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Western preferences vs. Eastern preferences in MMA fights and outcomes Western preferences for fights where fighters remain on
their feet and punch – the knockout
Japanese preference for fights where fighters exhibit technical skill – the tapout
Is this a vestige of historical preferences tied to the racialization of cultural practices?
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Development of the Martial Arts at the end of the Tokugawa Bakufu Specialization in “practical” and “useful” martial arts
(Jiu-jitsu, Kendo, Judo) over the military-based martial ways (Kyu-jutsu [archery], So-jitsu [the way of the spear], and Ho-jitsu [musketry])
Kata and controlled Randori
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Nippon Budokan – founded in 1964 to promote kobudo—the classical martial arts of Japan
Kyu jutsu
Kyuba jutsu
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Kodokan Judo – developed by Kano Jigoro in 1882 Allowed for the practice of martial techniques in a non-lethal and collegial
manner that promoted health, fitness and technical proficiency, and contributed to Kokutai (national spirit) Nage-waza—throwing techniques
Te-waza-hand throwing techniques Koshi-waza-hip throwing techniques Ashi-waza-foot throwing techniques Sutemi-waza-sacrifice throwing techniques
Katame-waza—grappling techniques Osaekomi-waza-pinning or hold down techniques Shime-waza-choking techniques Kansetsu-waza-joint-locking tecniques
Ne-waza is a subset of Katame-waza where the techniques only take place on the ground
Atemi-waza—striking techniques Ukemi-waza—breakfall techniques
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts Kodokan Judo – developed by Kano Jigoro in 1882 First system of martial arts to rank via obi (belt)
differentiation – dan ranks First dan rankings presented in 1883
Tomita first go-dan (5th degree Black Belt) in 1888
Yamashita first ju-dan (10th degree Black Belt) 1935
Colored belt system – kyu ranks Developed in Europe in the 1930’s; became practice in the
1950’s with increased commercialization of the arts
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Kendo
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Sumo
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Karate – Funakoshi Gichin
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Aikido—Ueshiba Morihei
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
The spread of martial arts
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Japan and the Development and Spread of Martial Arts
Is Brazilian Jiu-jitsu unique or is it merely the re-jiu-jitsu-fication of Judo?