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[s-Jrobuom fn @ei`eo bo @mnputom
PNOBA Rlf Pm`eoa No`leifs Or`letf`turf
Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojf
dy
Afoibrm Norqufs bm Ios`enfitm
[L.B. RLFPEP
Vievfrsebobf Cfbfroa bf [friondu`mpmsjrobuo`omK`ei.ucpf.dr
www.`ei.ucpf.dr/~pmsjrobuo`om
TF@ECF, 4;?2
http://www.cin.ufpe.br/~posgraduacaohttp://www.cin.ufpe.br/~posgraduacaohttp://www.cin.ufpe.br/~posgraduacao -
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VIESFTPEBOBF CFBFTOA BF [FTIONDV@M
@FIRTM BF EICMTNRE@O
[P-JTOBVOM FN @EI@EO BO @MN[VROM
AFOIBTM NOT_VFP BM IOP@ENFIRM
PNOBA RLF PM@EOA NO@LEIFP
OT@LERF@RVTF BFP@TE[REMI AOIJVOJF
Rrodoalm oprfsfitobm om [rmjrono bf [s-jrobuom fn @ei`eo bo @mnputom bm @fitrmbf Eicmrnte`o bo Vievfrsebobf Cfbfroa bf[friondu`m `mnm rfquesetm por`eoa poromdtfim bm jrou bf [l.B. fn @ei`eo bo@mnputom.
Rles [l.B. Rlfses es prfsfitfb tm tlf CfbfroaVievfrsety mc [friondu`m ei porteoa cuaceaanfit mctlf rfquerfnfits cmr tlf bfjrff mc [l.B. ei@mnputfr P`efi`f.
MTEFIROBMT8 PEASEM TMNFTM BF AFNMP NFETO
TF@ECF, 4;?2
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E bfbe`otf tles tlfses tm ny coneay oib ny wecf, wlm suppmrtfb nfui`mibetemioaay oib jovf nf strfijtl tm pursuf ny brfons.
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O`gimwafbjnfits
Eieteoaay, E wmuab aegf tm wornay tloig ny coneay, spf`eoaay ny porfits oib ny amvfay wecf.
Rlfer suppmrt, ottfitemi oib ei`fitevf wfrf cuibonfitoa tm jevf nf strfijtl tm gffp
wmrgeij. E wmuab imt prmdoday lovf rfo`lfb tles pmeit wetlmut tlfn. Rloig ymu vfry
nu`l cmr hust fxesteij ei ny aecf.
Mif pfrsmi tm wlmn E on vfry jrotfcua cmr lfapeij nf mut tlrmujlmut tles fiterf
hmurify es ny obvesmr oib `amsf crefib Peavem Nfero. Noiy lmurs mc `mivfrsotemis, nffteijs
oib toags lovf dffi spfit wetl Peavem, nogeij tles wmrg pmssedaf. Les ebfos, `mnnfits oib
sujjfstemis wfrf mc jrfot voauf cmr tles tlfses. Dfsebfs tles wmrg etsfac, les fi`murojfnfiteisperfb nf tm df o dfttfr pfrsmi oib tm pusl ny aenets ei mrbfr tm rfo`l ny mdhf`tevfs.
Ei obbetemi, E wmuab aegf tm tloig tlf nfndfrs mc tlfses `mnnettff8 Oafxoibrf
avorm, Boiefa Au`rbem, Gefv Jono, Tmbrejm Ossob oib Sei`eus @orbmsm. E rfoaay
opprf`eotf tlfer fccmrt tm rfob oib `rete`ezf ny wmrg oib tm df prfsfit ot ny ceioa
prfsfitotemi. Rlfer `mnnfits wfrf vfry usfcua cmr nf tm cex smnf fxestfit prmdafns oib
enprmvf tles wmrg tm rfo`l tlf afvfa mc fx`faafi`f rfquerfb dy o [lB tlfses.
Nmrfmvfr, E wmuab aegf tm tloig @I[q (@misfalm Io`emioa bf Bfsfivmavenfitm @efitce`m f
Rf`imaje`m) oib EIFP (Iotemioa Eistetutf cmr Pmctworf Fijeiffreij) cmr prmvebeij nf
ceioi`eoa suppmrt tm `mi`aubf tles wmrg.
Oib aost dut imt afost, E wmuab aegf tm tloig `muitafss crefibs mc neif, wlm E bm imt
borf tm `etf mif dy mif tm imt df uicoer wetl oiymif. Rlfy rfoaay nmtevotfb nf wetl
nmnfits mc hmy bureij smnf drfogs oib wffgfibs, lfapeij tm `rfotf oi otnmsplfrf mc
rfifwoa tm gffp up tlf lorb wmrg.
Cmr oaa wlm berf`tay mr eiberf`tay lfapfb nf ei tles hmurify, ny sei`frf tloig ymu.
Afoibrm Norqufs bm Ios`enfitm
Tf`ecf, [friondu`m, Drozea
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Oi mui`f mcpro`te`f es wmrtl nmrf tloi tmis mc prfo`leij.
- Nolotno Joible
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Tfsunm
pmssvfa sf mdsfrvor un oatm `rfs`enfitm im infrm bf opae`ofs Zfd sfibm
bfsfivmavebos. Estm fst o`mitf`fibm prei`epoanfitf pmrquf o Zfd fst fitroibm fn uno
imvo cosf, `lonobo Zfd prmjronvfa, mibf bevfrsms sestfnos dosfobms io Zfd fstm
bespmiedeaezoibm suos O[Es pudae`onfitf. @mn m mdhftevm bf aebor `mn o `mnpafxebobf
bfsso Zfd fnfrjfitf, fstf trodoalm bfceif o imm bf uno Nqueio Pm`eoa (Pm`eoa No`leif-
PN) f vesaundro uno aeijuojfn quf pfrnetf bfs`rfvfr rfbfs bf toes nqueios.
[oro `mnfor, is bfceienms uno Nqueio Pm`eoa `mnm sfibm un `mnpmifitf
`mif`tvfa f prmjronvfa quf fi`opsuao (ZE)un sestfno bf prm`fssonfitm bf eicmrnom(E[P)f bfceif un `mihuitm bf sfrvems rfqufrebms (TP)f prmvebms ([P), beione`onfitf
bespmivfa smd `frtos rfstrefs (@), os quoes sm bftfrneiobos pmr, bfitrf mutros `mesos,
sfus rfao`emionfitms (Tfa) `mn tfr`ferms. Fn mutros poaovros, uno PN uno nqueio
`mif`tobo, imrnoanfitf Zfd, quf beione`onfitf prmv f/mu rfqufr un `mihuitm bf
sfrvems bf o`mrbm `mn ms sfus rfao`emionfitms fstodfaf`ebms. _uoaqufr opae`om io Zfd
pmbf sfr vesto `mnm uno PN.
[oro quf sfho pmssvfa o opae`om prte`o bm `mi`fetm bf Nqueio Pm`eoa prfveonfitfnfi`emiobm, is bfceienms PNOBA, uno aeijuojfn poro bfs`rem orquetfturoa bf PNs,
`mnm uno tfitotevo bf sfr uno cmrno `mnpaftonfitf becfrfitf bf sf prmjronor o Zfd,
nesturoibm `mi`fetms bf aeijuojfis bf bfs`rem orquetfturoa (OBAs) f aeijuojfis
fspf`ce`os bf bmniem (BPAs). @mnm uno OBA, o aeijuojfn pfrnetf o bfs`rem bf
nqueios sm`eoes (f rfbfs bf toes) fn tfrnms bf rfao`emionfitms (Tfa)`mnm odstrofs bf
oatm ivfa, sfn o if`fssebobf bf sf fspf`ece`or ms bftoalfs bf `mnuie`om (prmtm`mams)
f/mu ntmbms bf outfite`om. @mnm uno BPA, fao pfrnetf o `reom f eitfjrom bf
sfrvems Zfd usoibm uno seitoxf bf tepms beine`ms, eitfjrobo nqueio vertuoa Hovo f
EBF F`aepsf. @obo fafnfitm bm `mi`fetm bf uno PN berftonfitf nopfobm io aeijuojfn.
Fn pmu`os poaovros, PNOBA pmbf sfr bfceiebo `mnm uno aeijuojfn berejebo o
rfao`emionfitms quf pmbf sfr usobo poro bfs`rfvfr eitfrofs fitrf quoaqufr infrm bf
nqueios bf einfros cmrnos, `mnm un nfem bf rfprfsfitor nqueios eitfrojeibm io
Zfd rfoanfitf f, mdveonfitf, `mnm un nfem bf rfprfsfitor eitfrofs `mn mutros
nqueios sm`eoes tondn.
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Srems mutrms fscmrms h cmron cfetms poro bfceier OBAs f oajuis bfafs cmron, bf
oajuno cmrno, opae`obms im bmniem bo Zfd. Fitrftoitm, l uno `aoro coato bf dosf
cuibonfitoa quf prmvfilo odstrofs bf oatm ivfa toes `mnm m nmbfam bf nqueios
sm`eoes prmv. PNOBA cme enpafnfitobo fn buos vfrsfs, uno tfxtuoa f mutro vesuoa.
Ondos os vfrsfs cmron ovoaeobos otrovs bf un fstubm bf `osm f uno pfsqueso dosfobo io
mpeiem bf fspf`eoaesto f eibe`oron sfr dmos smaufs poro prmdafnos prte`ms.
[oaovros-`lovf8 Fijfiloreo bf Pmctworf. Aeijuojfis Fspf`ce`os bf Bmniem. Aeijuojfis
bf Bfs`rem Orquetfturoa. Nqueios Pm`eoes. Zfd 0.;. Zfd [rmjronvfa.
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Odstro`t
Zf orf fxpfrefi`eij o lejl jrmwtl ei tlf iundfr mc Zfd oppae`otemis dfeij
bfvfampfb. Rles es loppfieij noeiay df`ousf tlf Zfd es jmeij eitm o ifw plosf, `oaafb
prmjronnodaf Zfd, wlfrf sfvfroa Zfd-dosfb systfns nogf tlfer O[Es pudae`ay ovoeaodaf.
Ei mrbfr tm bfoa wetl tlf `mnpafxety mc tles fnfrjeij Zfd, wf bfceif tlf imtemi mc o Pm`eoa
No`leif oib fivesojf o aoijuojf tlot `oi bfs`redf iftwmrgs mc su`l.
Rm stort wetl, wf bfceif o Pm`eoa No`leif (PN) os o `miif`todaf oib prmjronnodaf
dueabeij dam`g tlot wrops (ZE)oi eicmrnotemi prm`fsseij systfn (E[P)oib bfceifs o sft
mc rfquerfb (TP)oib prmvebfb sfrve`fs ([P), byione`oaay ovoeaodaf uibfr `mistroeits (@)wle`l orf bftfrneifb dy, onmij mtlfr tleijs, ets rfaotemisleps (Tfa)wetl mtlfrs. Ei mtlfr
wmrbs, o PN es o `miif`tfb no`leif, usuoaay tm tlf Zfd, wle`l byione`oaay prmvebfs
oib/mr rfquerfs o sft mc sfrve`fs o``mrbeij tm ets fstodaeslfb rfaotemisleps. Oiy oppae`otemi
ei tlf Zfd `oi df sffi os o PN.
Ei mrbfr tm nogf cfosedaf tlf pro`te`oa oppae`otemi mc tlf ocmrfnfitemifb Pm`eoa
No`leif `mi`fpt, wf bfceif PNOBA tlf Pm`eoa No`leifs Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi
Aoijuojf os oi ottfnpt tm df o `mnpaftfay beccfrfit woy tm prmjron tlf Zfd, nexeij`mi`fpts crmn Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojfs (OBAs) oib Bmnoei-Ppf`ece`
Aoijuojfs (BPAs). Os oi OBA, et oaamws tlf bfs`reptemi mc Pm`eoa No`leifs (oib iftwmrgs
mc su`l) ei tfrns mc rfaotemisleps (Tfa) os lejl-afvfa odstro`temis, wetlmut tlf iffb tm
spf`ecy bftoeas mc `mnnuie`otemi (prmtm`mas) oib/mr outlfite`otemi nftlmbs. Os o BPA, et
oaamws tlf enpafnfitotemi oib eitfjrotemi mc Zfd sfrve`fs useij o byione`oaay typfb
syitox, cuaay eitfjrotfb tm tlf Hovo Sertuoa No`leif oib F`aepsf EBF. Fvfry fafnfit mc tlf
PN `mi`fpt es berf`tay noppfb eitm tlf aoijuojf. Ei cfw wmrbs, PNOBA `oi df bfceifb os
o rfaotemislep-brevfi aoijuojf wle`l `oi df usfb tm bfs`redf tlf eitfro`temis dftwffi oiy
iundfr mc no`leifs ei o nuatetubf mc woys, os o nfois tm rfprfsfit rfoa no`leifs
eitfro`teij ei tlf rfoa Zfd oib, mdvemusay, os o nfois tm rfprfsfit eitfro`temis wetl mtlfr
sm`eoa no`leifs tmm.
Pfvfroa mtlfr fccmrts lovf dffi bmif tm bfceif OBAs, oib o cfw mc tlfn wfrf
smnfwoy oppaefb tm tlf Zfd bmnoei. Lmwfvfr, tlfrf es o `afor ao`g mc cuibonfitoa dosf tm
prmvebf lejl-afvfa odstro`temis tlot tlf Pm`eoa No`leif `mi`fpt bmfs. PNOBA los dffienpafnfitfb ei twm vfrsemis, mif tfxtuoa oib mif vesuoa. Dmtl vfrsemis lovf dffi
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fvoauotfb tlrmujl o `osf stuby oib oi fxpfrts mpeiemi survfy oib bfnmistrotfb tm df
jmmb smautemis cmr pro`te`oa prmdafns.
Gfywmrbs8Pmctworf Fijeiffreij. Bmnoei-Ppf`ece` Aoijuojfs. Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi
Aoijuojfs. Pm`eoa No`leifs. Zfd 0.;. [rmjronnodaf Zfd.
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Aest mc Cejurfs
Cejurf ?.? O siopslmt mc tlf Zfd os o prmjronnodaf paotcmrn wetl tlf jrmwtl ei
wfd O[Es sei`f 4;;6, o``mrbeij tm ([TMJTONNODAFZFD, 4;?2). .............................. 42
Cejurf ?.4 Rmp ?; nmst `mnnmi O[E `otfjmrefs oib tlfer rfspf`tevf jrmwtl sei`f
4;;5, o``mrbeij tm ([TMJTONNODAFZFD, 4;?2). ....................................................... 42
Cejurf 4.? Rlf systfnote` noppeij prm`fss (oboptfb crmn ([FRFTPFI ft oa., 4;;
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Aest mc Cejurfs
Cejurf 2.< Oi fxonpaf mc o P@O `mnpaftf s`fiorem wetl ets fafnfits oib tlfer
eitfr`miif`temis. .......................................................................................................... ?;6
Cejurf 6.? PNOBA odstro`temi aoyfrs. ........................................................................ ??4
Cejurf 6.4 PNOBA `mi`fptuoa nmbfa, ets vfrsemis `rfotfb wetl nftonmbfa fxtfisemi
oib tlfer rfspf`tevf jfifrotemi prmceafs. ...................................................................... ??0
Cejurf 6.0 PNOBA jfifroa nftonmbfa. ..................................................................... ??2
Cejurf 6.2 t-PNOBA nftonmbfa. Rlf lejlaejltfb stru`turfs (ei aejlt jroy) orf
eilfretfb crmn PNOBA jfifroa nftonmbfa. ................................................................. ??6
Cejurf 6.6 t-PNOBA mbf sieppft. .............................................................................. ??:
Cejurf 6.3 Tfsuats mc o survfy tlot eibe`otfs wle`l orf tlf nmst pmpuaor tf`limamjefs
dfeij usfb ei tlf Zfd s`fiorem. Pmur`f8 ([TMJTONNODAFZFD, 4;?0). ................... ?42
Cejurf 6.: Fxonpaf mc lmw MOutl oi df usfb tm slorf eicmrnotemi. ...................... ?46
Cejurf 6.< @mbf mnpaftemi cfoturf mc t-PNOBA. ...................................................... ?43
Cejurf 6.5 Pyitox oib sfnoite` frrmr voaebotfb ei t-PNOBA paujei .......................... ?4:
Cejurf 6.?; v-PNOBA nftonmbfa. Rlf lejlaejltfb fafnfits (ei aejlt jroy) orf
eilfretfb crmn PNOBA jfifroa nftonmbfa. ................................................................. ?4
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Aest mc Rodafs
Rodaf 4.? Hmurioas usfb ei noiuoa sfor`l. .................................................................. 0:
Rodaf 4.4 @micfrfi`fs usfb ei noiuoa sfor`l. ............................................................ 0:
Rodaf 4.0 Iundfr mc popfrs o``mrbeij tm tlf pudae`otemi typf. ................................. 0
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Aest mc O`rmiyns
OHO\Osyi`lrmimus HovoP`rept oib \NA
OBAOr`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojf
O[EOppae`otemi [rmjron Eitfrco`f
@DPF@mnpmifit-Dosfb Pmctworf Bfvfampnfit
@TVB@rfotf, Tfob, Vpbotf, oib Bfaftf
@PP@os`obeij Ptyaf Plffts
BIPBmnoei Ionf Pystfn
BPOABmnoei-Ppf`ece` Ospf`t Aoijuojfs
BPABmnoei-Ppf`ece` Aoijuojf
BPNABmnoei-Ppf`ece` Nmbfaeij Aoijuojfs
FNCF`aepsf Nmbfaeij Cronfwmrg
JFCJrople`oa Fbeteij Cronfwmrg (F`aepsf)
JNCJrople`oa Nmbfaeij Cronfwmrg (F`aepsf)
J[AJfifroa-[urpmsf Aoijuojf
J_NJmoa _ufstemi Nftre`
JPNJamdoa Pystfn cmr Nmdeaf `mnnuie`otemi
JVEJrople`oa Vsfr Eitfrco`f
LRNALypfrtfxt Norgup Aoijuojf
LRR[Lypfrtfxt Rroiscfr [rmtm`ma
EBFEitfro`tevf Bfvfampnfit Fiverminfit
EooPEicrostru`turf os o Pfrve`f
Em@Eivfrsemi mc @mitrma (Em@),
EmPEitfrift mc Rleijs
E[Eitfrift [rmtm`ma
E[P- Eicmrnotemi [rm`fsseij Pystfn
HPMIHovoP`rept Mdhf`t Imtotemi
HSNHovo Sertuoa No`leif
NS@Nmbfa-Sefw-@mitrmaafr
NPPystfnote` Noppeij Ptuby
MOutlMpfi Outlmrezotemi [rmtm`ma
MMMdhf`t Mrefitfb (prmjronneij aoijuojf)
[P[rmvebfb Pfrve`fs
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Aest mc O`rmiyns
TfaTfaotemisleps
TFOPRTfprfsfitotemioa O`temi Ptotf Rroiscfr
TFPRTfprfsfitotemioa Ptotf Rroiscfr
TC@Tfqufst cmr @mnnfits
TEOTe`l Eitfrift Oppae`otemi
TmTTudy mi Toeas
TMZOTfsmur`f Mrefitfb Zfd Outmnotemi
T[@Tfnmtf [rm`fburf @oaa
TPTfquerfb Pfrve`fs
PooPPmctworf os o Pfrve`f
PBCPyitox Bfceietemi Cmrnoaesn
PNPm`eoa No`leif
PNOBAPm`eoa No`leif Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojf
P@OPfrve`f @mnpmifit Or`letf`turf
PAM@Pmur`f Aeifs mc @mbf
PMOPfrve`f Mrefitfb Or`letf`turf
PM@Pfrve`f Mrefitfb @mnputeij
PMO[Penpaf Mdhf`t O``fss [rmtm`ma
P[APmctworf [rmbu`t Aeif
PTmr PATPystfnote` Aetfroturf Tfvefw
t-PNOBARfxtuoa PNOBA
VTEViecmrn Tfsmur`f Ebfitecefr
VTAViecmrn Tfsmur`f Am`otmr
v-PNOBASesuoa PNOBA
Z@CZeibmws @mnnuie`otemi Cmuibotemi
ZEZroppfr Eitfrco`f
\ooPFvfrytleij os o Pfrve`f
\NE\NA Nftoboto Eitfr`loijf
\NAf\tfisedaf Norgup Aoijuojf
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@mitfits
?. EIRTMBV@REMI.................................................................................................................. 4;
?.?. Pmctworf oib prmjronneij aoijuojfs .............................................................................. 4?
?.4. Nmtevotemi8 o ifw fro cmr tlf Zfd-dosfb eicmrnotemi systfns ........................................ 40
?.0. [rmdafn stotfnfit ............................................................................................................ 46
?.2. Mut mc s`mpf ...................................................................................................................... 43
?.6. Ptotfnfit mc tlf `mitredutemis ......................................................................................... 4:
?.3. Mutaeif .............................................................................................................................. 4
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@mitfits
4.:. @mi`aubeij rfnorgs ........................................................................................................... 63
4.
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@mitfits
6.0.4. t-PNOBA loro`tfreste`s ........................................... ............................................... ??5
6.0.4.?. @mnpmsetemi ................................................................. ....................................... ??5
6.0.4.4. Lftfrmjfifety ........................................... .......................................................... ??5
6.0.4.0. Vibfrstoibodeaety ................................................................................................ ?4;
6.0.4.2. Fvmautemi ............................................................................................................. ?4;
6.0.4.6. Byionesn............................................................. ............................................... ?4;
6.0.4.3. P`oaodeaety ............................................................................................................ ?4;
6.0.4.:. @mistroeits ........................................................... ............................................... ?4?
6.0.4.
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@mitfits
3.4.?. Bfceietemi ................................................................................................................ ?22
3.4.?.?. Jmoa ...................................................................... ............................................... ?22
3.4.?.4. _ufstemis ............................................................. ............................................... ?22
3.4.?.0. Nftre`s ................................................................................................................ ?22
3.4.?.2. Rlf prmhf`t usfb ei tlf stuby8 WUMV^ Pm`eoa No`leif (DVTFJEM ft oa., 4;?2) .... ?26
3.4.4. [aoiieij................................................................................................................... ?23
3.4.0. Mpfrotemi .................................................................................... ............................ ?2:
3.4.2. Oioayses oib eitfrprftotemi ..................................................................................... ?2
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@loptfr?4;
Eitrmbu`temi
P`efi`f nust lovf mrejeiotfb ei tlf cffaeij tlot smnftleij wos wrmij
Rlmnos @orayaf (?:56-?
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@loptfr?Eitrmbu`temi | 4?
oib Zegepfbeo trefb tm mvfr`mnf oiy cuaay `oa`ecefb stotf mc gimwafbjf dy noiecfsteij tlfer
rfspf`tevf rfpmsetmrefs os aeveij siopslmts mc tlf wmrabs eicmrnotemi.
@misebfreij tlf `urrfit camw mc tles aorjf onmuit mc eicmrnotemi, et es `afor tlot mur
`urrfit sm`efty es juebfb dy tlf eicmrnotemi ojf oib tles afobs us tm eivfst nu`l mi`mnputeij rfsmur`fs tlot `muab rftrefvf, prm`fss, stmrf, `mitrma, sfor`l, oib troisnet su`l
eicmrnotemi odmut fvfry ospf`t ei mur aecf. Rles woy, o cui`temieij nfndfr mc mur sm`efty
nust afori oib nostfr o sft mc spf`ece` sgeaas oib noiy mc tlfn orf ei `frtoei woy rfaotfb tm
`mnputeij, su`l os prmjronneij (mr mbeij).
O``mrbeij tm (DMM@L, 4;?2), tlfrfs `misebfrodaf eitfrfst ei tfo`leij `mbeij os o
dose` sgeaa. Rlf imiprmcet mrjoiezotemi @mbf.mrj es pfrlops tlf bmneioit vme`f ei tles
spo`f. Ets vesemi es tlot fvfry stubfit ei fvfry s`lmma slmuab lovf tlf mppmrtuiety tm afori `mnputfr
prmjronneij. Zf dfaefvf `mnputfr s`efi`f slmuab df port mc tlf `mrf `urre`uaun ei fbu`otemi, oamijsebf
mtlfr s`efi`f, tf`limamjy, fijeiffreij, oib notlfnote`s (PRFN) `mursfs, su`l os demamjy, plyse`s, `lfnestry,
oib oajfdro. Oamij wetl tlf fccmrts mc @mbf.mrj, mtlfr mrjoiezotemis lovf obbfb tlfer vme`f
tm tles wmrtly `ousf, su`l os8 @mbfo`obfny, Jeras Zlm @mbf, @mbfrBmhm, oib noiy
mtlfrs.
Rles wmrg slorfs tlf ebfo crmn (DMM@L, 4;?2) wle`l soys8 ets o vfry jmmb tleij tlot
fvfrymif los o dose` uibfrstoibeij mc tlf tf`limamjy dfleib tlf smctworf-eitfisevf systfns wetl wle`l wf
fxest oib orf `mfvmaveij. Ei sunnory, tlf noei pleamsmply es8 prmjron mr df prmjronnfb
(TVPLGMCC, 4;?0).
?.?. Pmctworf oib prmjronneij aoijuojfs
Rrobetemioa smctworf fijeiffreij pro`te`fs fi`mnposs ot afost cevf stojfs mc bfvfampnfit8
rfquerfnfits, oioayses, enpafnfitotemi, tfsteij oib noeitfioi`f ([TFPPNOI, 4;;5),
besrfjorbeij oiy spf`ece` smctworf prm`fss. Jfifroaay spfogeij, tlf fijeiffreij mc smctworf
systfns `misests mi troiscmrneij lunoi uibfrstoibodaf gimwafbjf eitm `mnputfr
fxf`utodaf `mbf. Pei`f tlfrf es im slmrt potl tm fxf`utf su`l o troiscmrnotemi, wf tfib
tm fxf`utf et ei slmrt stfps8 cerstay uibfrstoibeij oib (smnftenfs) wreteij bmwi wlot o
systfn es suppmsfb tm df ei tfrns mc rfquerfnfits oib imrnoaay useij ioturoa aoijuojfs7
tlfi rfprfsfiteij oi eieteoa stru`turf mc tlf systfns ei tfrns mc wlot wf `oaa smctworf
or`letf`turf7 oib fvfituoaay rfprfsfiteij tles stru`turf ei oi oajmretlne` woy, e.f. useij oi
opprmpreotf aoijuojf. Curtlfr stfps `lf`g ec tlf oajmretlns not`l wlot tlf rfquerfnfits
lovf spf`ecefb.
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@loptfr?Eitrmbu`temi | 44
Rm sunnorezf, smctworf systfns orf dueat upmi `mnputfr aoijuojfs mr dfttfr `oaafb
prmjronneij aoijuojfs. O prmjronneij aoijuojf es o imtotemi cmr fxprfsseij
`mnputotemis (oajmretlns) ei dmtl no`leif oib lunoi rfobodaf cmrn. O jfiueif qufstemi
ot tles pmeit `muab df8 wle`l prmjronneij aoijuojf es suetodaf cmr o spf`ece` `mitfxt=Ei
mrbfr tm oiswfr tlot qufstemi, et es if`fssory tm uibfrstoib tlf typfs mc fxestfit
prmjronneij aoijuojfs.
Beccfrfit typfs mc prmdafns `oi df obbrfssfb dy beccfrfit typfs mc prmjronneij
aoijuojfs. Vseij opprmpreotf aoijuojfs cmr spf`ece` prmdafns oib `mitfxts `oi afob tm
nmrf fccf`tevf smautemis ei tfrns mc rfbu`fb `msts cmr bfvfampnfit oib noeitfioi`f mc
smctworf (FTBZFJ7 CFLTFIDO@L7 MPRFTNOII, 4;?2). Rlf ebfoa prmjronneij
aoijuojf slmuab prmvebf tlf rejlt afvfa mc odstro`temi, nfoieij tlot et bfs`redfs smautemis
ioturoaay oib lebfs uiif`fssory bftoeas (GMPOT ft oa., 4;?;). Ei obbetemi, et slmuab df
fxprfssevf fimujl oib slmuab prmvebf juoroitffs mi prmpfrtefs tlot orf `rete`oa cmr tlf
prmdafn bmnoei.
Oatlmujl tlfrf orf noiy aoijuojfs torjfteij oiy typf mc prmdafn, tlf sm-`oaafb
Jfifroa-[urpmsf Aoijuojfs (J[As), nmrf fxprfssevf aoijuojfs ioturoaay torjfts o spf`ece`
bmnoei (NFTIEG7 LFFTEIJ7 PAMOIF, 4;;6). Ei tles sfisf, Bmnoei-spf`ece`
aoijuojfs (BPAs) orf aoijuojfs toeamrfb tm o spf`ece` oppae`otemi bmnoei tlot prmvebfbmnoei `mi`fpts os aoijuojf `mistru`ts. Rlfy mccfr sudstoiteoa joeis ei fxprfssevfifss oib
fosf mc usf wlfi `mnporfb tm J[As ei tlfer bmnoei mc oppae`otemi. Ei obbetemi, BPAs
mccfr o woy tm rfbu`f noeitfioi`f `msts. Rles fiodafs prmjronnfrs tm nop gimwafbjf
eitm smur`f `mbf oib ve`f vfrso, wle`l senpaecefs tlf `rfotemi, `mnprflfisemi, oib
noeitfioi`f mc bmnoei-spf`ece` prmjrons (BFVTPFI7 GAEIR, ?55
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?.4. Nmtevotemi8 o ifw fro cmr tlf Zfd-dosfb eicmrnotemi systfns
Onmij sfvfroa beccfrfit bmnoeis, mif tlot es fxpfrefi`eij o sejiece`oit jrmwtl ei tlf
iundfr oppae`otemis dfeij bfvfampfb cmr oib ei tlf Zfd bmnoei, prmdoday stenuaotfb dy
tlf jrmweij iundfr mc prmjronneij eitfrco`fs (O[Es) pudae`ay ovoeaodaf.
Ei tlf aost bf`obfs, wf orf sffeij o slect crmn stoiboamif smctworf tm lejlay
`miif`tfb systfns, noeiay df`ousf mc tlf fxtrfnf pmpuaorety oib udequety mc tlf Eitfrift.
Ei tlf dfjeiieij mc `mnnfr`eoa Eitfrift, tlf Zfd wos dose`oaay o rfob-miaysft mc ossfts,
wetl `mitfit dfeij prmbu`fb dy o cfw spf`eoaezfb fxpfrts mr spf`ece` ER `mnpoiefs oib
`misunfb ei ets nohmrety dy o yft rfbu`fb jrmup mc imve`f usfrs. Ei tlot tenf (neb ?55;s),
o `mnnmi o`tevety wos wfd surceij mr oi oimiynmus bmwiamob ei o CR[ (Ceaf Rroiscfr
[rmtm`ma) sfrvfr. Tfjuaor usfrs wfrf usfb tm `misunf `mitfit oib rorfay upamob boto.Imwoboys, tlfsf typfs mc troiso`temis steaa m``ur crfqufitay wlfi smnfmif pfrcmrns o
dose` wfd sfor`l ammgeij cmr spf`ece` `mitfit.
Zetl tlf nossevf prfsfi`f mc pfmpaf, tlf `mi`fpt mc Zfd 4.; los fnfrjfb, oaamweij
mrbeiory usfrs tm `misunf oib prmbu`f (rfob-wretf) nmrf eicmrnotemi. Rlot es tlf tenf mc
pfrsmioa wfd setfs, wfd amjs (mr damjs), nuatepaoyfr joneij, sm`eoa iftwmrgs, oib sm mi.
Rlfsf o`tevetefs eivmavf usfrs tlot nossevfay prmbu`f oib `misunf `mitfit. Vpamobeij oib
sloreij nuatenfbeo `mitfit df`mnfs o rfjuaor o`tevety, sm nu`l tlot nmrf tloi :;% mc tlfEitfrift trocce` es nobf mc vebfm oib et es jmeij tm df nmrf tloi
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(oubem/vebfm) strfoneij, obvfrteseij, sfor`l, stmrojf oib noiy mtlfrs. Ei tles sfisf,
`rfoteij o ifw wfd 0.;-dosfb oppae`otemi es nu`l nmrf odmut wreteij `miif`temis dftwffi
ovoeaodaf sfrve`fs tloi `rfoteij o `ustmn eicmrnotemi systfn.Cejurf ?.4 slmws o sunnory
mc tlf nmst `mnnmiay usfb O[E `otfjmrefs oib tlfer rfspf`tevf jrmwtl sei`f 4;;5.
Cejurf ?.? O siopslmt mc tlf Zfd os o prmjronnodaf paotcmrn wetl tlf jrmwtl ei wfd O[Es
sei`f 4;;6, o``mrbeij tm ([TMJTONNODAFZFD, 4;?2).
Cejurf ?.4 Rmp ?; nmst `mnnmi O[E `otfjmrefs oib tlfer rfspf`tevf jrmwtl sei`f 4;;5,o``mrbeij tm ([TMJTONNODAFZFD, 4;?2).
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?.0. [rmdafn stotfnfit
Bfspetf tlf quetf aorjf obmptemi mc pudae`ay ovoeaodaf O[Es, tlfrf orf smnf `loaafijfs tm
stort prmjronneij tlf Zfd 0.;, os cmaamweij8
Beccfrfit prmjronneij aoijuojfs8 jfifroa purpmsf aoijuojfs orf usuoaay juebfb
dy o porobejn, su`l os mdhf`t mrefitotemi mr cui`temioa. Fo`l prmjronneij aoijuojf
los iotevf stru`turfs tlot oaamw tlf prmjronnfr tm odstro`t rfoa prmdafns eitm tlf
`mnputotemioa wmrab, su`l os `aossfs/mdhf`ts, pmaynmrplesn, eilfretoi`f, aondbo
fxprfssemis, oib mtlfrs. Lmwfvfr, J[As `mnnmiay bm imt fndro`f spf`ece`
`mi`fpts mc o bmnoei afobeij tm tlf iffb mc useij `mnpaenfitory cronfwmrgs oib
O[Es, obbeij nu`l mc dmeafrpaotf `mbf tm tlf smctworf oib nogeij et afss rfusodaf
oib noeitoeiodaf (NFTIEG7 LFFTEIJ7 PAMOIF, 4;;6). Rles es imt beccfrfitwlfi tlf Zfd bmnoei es togfi eitm o``muit. Pfvfroa cronfwmrgs ei sfvfroa beccfrfit
prmjronneij aoijuojfs lovf dffi bfvfampfb oib usfb tm nogf pmssedaf tlf `rfotemi
mc Zfd oppae`otemis. Os cor os fvfry oppae`otemi es df`mneij Zfd-dosfb, tlf usf mc
su`l cronfwmrgs orf df`mneij noibotmry, ei`rfoseij tlf `mnpafxety mc tlfsf
oppae`otemis.
Bevfrsety mc uibfrayeij tf`limamjefs oib stoiborbs8 dfsebfs beccfrfit aoijuojfs
tlot `oi df `lmsfi wleaf bfvfampeij Zfd-dosfb smctworf, tlfrf orf noiy
tf`limamjefs oib stoiborbs tlot `oi df obmptfb. Rf`limamjefs aegf TFPR
(CEFABEIJ7 ROUAMT, 4;;;), PMO[ (NOTREI JVBJEI ft oa., 4;;:), HPMI-
T[@?, TPP4, \NA-T[@ oib fvfi PNP (Plmrt Nfssojf Pfrve`f) orf quetf pmpuaor
wlfi oppae`otemis iffb tm fx`loijf eicmrnotemi mi tlf Zfd. Fo`l mc tlfn `oi df
usfb dy beccfrfit prmjronneij aoijuojfs ei o beccfrfit woy. Cmr fxonpaf, mif jevfi
TFPR O[E `oi df fquoaay enpafnfitfb ei Hovo (wetl Hovo oiimtotemis) mr ei [ytlmi
wetl o `mnpaftfay beccfrfit stru`turf, fvfi tlmujl tlf O[E etsfac wmuab dflovf
seneaoray. Nmrfmvfr, tlf bfvfampfr slmuab df o`quoeitfb tm lmw TFPR oib
`misfqufitay tlf uibfrayeij `mnnuie`otemi prmtm`ma (LRR[) wmrg tm nogf tlf O[E
ovoeaodaf o``mrbeijay.
Ao`g mc oi odstro`t nmbfa cmr Zfd 0.;-dosfb oppae`otemis 8 prmjronneij
porobejns jfifroaay bfceif o cuibonfitoa odstro`t nmbfa tm lfap bfvfampfrs mi
`rfoteij rfoa-wmrab smctworf. Rles odstro`t nmbfa usuoaay prmvebfs eisejlts tm `rfotf
nmrf `mnpafx smctworf wetlmut loveij tm uibfrstoib noiy bftoeas mc lmw o
?HovoP`rept Mdhf`t Imtotemi -lttp8//hsmi.mrj/.4TPP 4.; Ppf`ece`otemi -lttp8//www.rssdmorb.mrj/rss-spf`ece`otemi.
http://json.org/http://json.org/http://json.org/http://www.rssboard.org/rss-specificationhttp://www.rssboard.org/rss-specificationhttp://www.rssboard.org/rss-specificationhttp://www.rssboard.org/rss-specificationhttp://json.org/ -
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`mnputfr wmrgs, ei nottfr mc faf`trmie` mr plyse`s, cmr fxonpaf. Ei mrbfr tm bfoa
wetl tlf fvfr ei`rfoseij `mnpafxety mc tlf rfoa wmrab, prmjronneij aoijuojfs lob tm
ei`rfosf tlfer afvfa mc odstro`temi. Rles es wlot loppfis, cmr eistoi`f, wetl tlf mdhf`t-
mrefitfb porobejn. Rlf `aossfs oib mdhf`ts odstro`t nmbfa lfaps mi loibaeij
fi`opsuaotemi, nmbuaorezotemi, rfusf oib mtlfr nmbfri smctworf-rfaotfb essufs. Ei
tles sfisf, mif dose` prmdafn wleaf `rfoteij Zfd-0.; oppae`otemis es tlf ao`g mc oi
odstro`t nmbfa tm bfs`redf spf`ece` Zfd-rfaotfb essufs. Rles typf mc oppae`otemi
ioturoaay `orrefs `mi`fpts crmn `mnnuie`otemi prmtm`mas tm outlmrezotemi oib
sf`urety essufs, wle`l ei`rfosfs `misebfroday tlf afvfa mc odstro`temi. Lmwfvfr, su`l
`mi`fpts orf imt fndfbbfb ei tlf uibfrayeij prmjronneij aoijuojf, mdaejoteij
bfvfampfrs tm bfbe`otf fccmrts mi enpafnfiteij oib tfsteij spf`ece` Zfd-rfaotfb
essufs, rotlfr tloi bfbe`oteij mi tlf `mrf duseifss ruafs mc oi eicmrnotemi systfn.
Rlfrfcmrf, tlf jmoa mc tlf wmrg bfs`redfb ei tles tlfses `oi df stotfb os8
Ei mrbfr tm dfttfr uibfrstoib tles ifw fnfrjeij Zfd 0.; oib `mpf wetl tlf
bevfrsety mc prmjronneij aoijuojfs oib uibfrayeij tf`limamjefs, tles wmrg eitrmbu`fs o
ifw cuibonfitoa odstro`t `mi`fpt `oaafb Pm`eoa No`leifs (PN) oib o lejl-afvfa aoijuojf,
ionfb PNOBA (tlf Pm`eoa No`leifs Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojf), ei mrbfr tm
bfs`redf iftwmrgs mc su`l, os oi ottfnpt tm df o beccfrfit woy tm prmjron tlf Zfd, nexeij`mi`fpts crmn Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojfs (OBAs) oib Bmnoei-Ppf`ece`
Aoijuojfs (BPAs). PNOBA troisporfitay fndfbs `mi`fpts su`l os oppae`otemi
rfaotemisleps oib tlfer rfspf`tevf `mistroeits, oib outlmrezotemi prm`fssfs wetl tlfer
sf`urety essufs.
?.2. Mut mc s`mpf
Pei`f tlf prmpmsfb Pm`eoa No`leif nmbfa oib PNOBA orf port mc o drmobfr `mitfxt, smnf
rfaotfb ospf`ts weaa df afct mut mc ets s`mpf. Ifvfrtlfafss, os tlfsf ospf`ts wfrf fivesemifb
sei`f tlf eieteoa bfceietemis mc tlf cronfwmrg, tlfy `oi df obbfb ei cuturf wetl smnf
obhustnfits. Rlus, tlf cmaamweij essufs orf imt berf`tay obbrfssfb dy tles wmrg8
O Bmnoei Ionf Pystfn (BIP) cmr Pm`eoa No`leifs8 ei mrbfr tm eitfjrotf Pm`eoa
No`leifs tlrmujl tlf Zfd, et es if`fssory tlot tlfy bes`mvfr fo`l mtlfr dosfb mi
smnf typf mc bfs`reptemi, ebfitece`otemi mr obbrfss, seneaoray tm wlot tlf BIP bmfs
tm `urrfit Eitfrift. BIP troiscmrns oi VTA dosfb mi oi foseay nfnmrodaf
sfqufi`f mc `loro`tfrs ei oi E[ obbrfss tlot uiequfay ebfitecefs o no`leif mi tlf
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@loptfr?Eitrmbu`temi | 4:
Zfd. Ei tles `mitfxt, o BIP cmr Pm`eoa No`leifs wmuab troiscmrn o dose`
bfs`reptemi, hust aegf noppeij mr stmrojf, tm o `mrrfspmibfit no`leif VTA. Et
wmuab df nu`l nmrf aegf o sfor`l fijeif oib BIP oaa tmjftlfr. Mtlfr qufstemis
wmuab oresf ec o systfn aegf tlot wos ovoeaodaf, su`l os8 wlot ec twm no`leifs lovf tlf
sonf bfs`reptemi, tlfi wle`l mif los tlf premrety tm oiswfr smnf rfqufst= Zlot ec
mif no`leif es slut bmwi, tlfi slmuab oimtlfr seneaor no`leif wetl seneaor sfrve`f
togf ets pao`f= Rles wmrg bmfs imt berf`tay obbrfss oiy mc tlfsf qufstemis imr
enpafnfits o BIP-aegf systfn cmr Pm`eoa No`leifs. Zf ossunf tlot o rfaotemislep
dftwffi PNs es fstodaeslfb miay ec tlfy prfvemusay gimw fo`l mtlfr.
PNOBA bfceifb os o cmrnoa aoijuojf8 bureij mur uibfrstoibeij mc tlf
`loro`tfreste`s mc BPAs oib OBAs, wf rfoaezfb tlot useij o cmrnoa sfnoite`s ei o
aoijuojf wmuab gffp mcc pmtfiteoa usfrs, df`ousf et wmuab df eitreise`oaay nmrf
`mnpafx tm wretf oib noeitoei `mbf ei su`l aoijuojf. Rlfi wf bf`ebfb tm bfvfamp o
senpaf jronnor cmr PNOBA, wetlmut cmrnoa sfnoite`s mi et.
O prm`fss cmr `rfoteij lejl-afvfa aoijuojfs8 bureij mur eivfstejotemi mi BPAs
oib OBAs (@loptfrs4 oib0), wf wfrf odaf tm `otoamj sfvfroa tf`liequfs, nftlmbs
oib prm`fssfs cmr `rfoteij oib noeitoeieij lejl-afvfa aoijuojfs. Rles wmrg es imt
eitfibfb tm stru`turf o prm`fss cmr `rfoteij BPAs mr OBAs, dut tm rfusf tlf fxestfit
tf`liequfs ei mrbfr tm `rfotf PNOBA.
?.6. Ptotfnfit mc tlf `mitredutemis
Os o rfsuat mc tlf wmrg prfsfitfb ei tles tlfses, tlf cmaamweij `mitredutemis `oi df
fiunfrotfb8
Oi eitrmbu temi mc oi odstro`t nmbfa cmr tlf Zfd 0.;8 tlf Pm`eoa No`leif es o
imvfa `mi`fpt tlot lfaps mi uibfrstoibeij tlf `mnpafx stru`turfs mc prmjronnodaf
Zfd. Rlf bfceietemi mc o aoijuojf tlot rfoaezfs tlf Pm`eoa No`leif nmbfa8 PNOBA
los dffi cuaay enpafnfitfb oib tfstfb dosfb mi tlf PN `mi`fptuoa nmbfa,
prfsfiteij o imvfa woy tm prmjron tlf Zfd. Nmrfmvfr, tm togf cuaa obvoitojf mc tlf
lejl-afvfa mc odstro`temi mc PNOBA, et wos enpafnfitfb ei twm vfrsemis tlot
fxtfibfb tlf PN nmbfa8 mif tfxtuoa oib mif vesuoa aoijuojf, fo`l mif oppae`odaf tm
beccfrfit `mitfxts, jfifroteij beccfrfit typfs mc `mbf, oib bfnmistroteij tlf drmob
oppae`odeaety mc tlf nmbfa oib aoijuojf tlfnsfavfs.
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@loptfr?Eitrmbu`temi | 4 ":26?04?04?0?"sf`rft> "0lh4osc02n32;50d`v40ghios"usfr-tmgfi> ":26?04?04?0?|LUags402DfIh3:S5gh040f2"
^ typf8 CVAA]O@@FPP//fvfry seijaf mpfrotemi mc brmpdmx
//PN 'co`fdmmg' nust df aestfb ei tlf 'rfaotfs tm' sf`temico`fdmmg[msts wetlco`fdmmg Wure> "lttps8//jropl.co`fdmmg.`mn/moutl/o` fss]tmgfi"ope-gfy> "6204?320?
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@loptfr6PNOBA8 Rlf Pm`eoa No`leifs Or`letf`turf Bfs`reptemi Aoijuojf | ??