![Page 1: Simon Kightley & Cheryl Turnbull - EPPO · 2017. 12. 15. · Sowing date x beetle damage 0 20 40 60 80 100 01/08/16 08/08/16 15/08/16 22/08/16 29/08/16 05/09/16 12/09/16 x Sowing](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022071421/611a62e3f0687b2382647bf3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cabbage stem flea beetles and the neonic ban – UK perspective
Simon Kightley & Cheryl Turnbull
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Psylliodes chrysocephala
Public
enemy
Number
one!
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UK oilseed rape crop areas – 1970-2016
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cro
p a
rea (
'000h
a)
Harvest year
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UK oilseed rape crop areas – 1970-2016
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Cro
p a
rea (
'000h
a)
Harvest year
Main CSFB threat
area known since
early 80s
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Control products recommended in 1989 • Carbofuran
• Cypermethrin
• Deltamethrin
• Fenvalerate
• Fonophos
• Gamma-HCH
• Permethrin
• Phorate
• Primiphos-methyl
• Captan + gamma-HCH
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Control products recommended in 1989 • Carbofuran
• Cypermethrin
• Deltamethrin
• Fenvalerate
• Fonophos
• Gamma-HCH
• Permethrin
• Phorate
• Primiphos-methyl
• Captan + gamma-HCH
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
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Control products recommended in 1989 • Carbofuran
• Cypermethrin
• Deltamethrin
• Fenvalerate
• Fonophos
• Gamma-HCH
• Permethrin
• Phorate
• Primiphos-methyl
• Captan + gamma-HCH
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
INEFFECTIVE/RESISTANCE
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
BANNED/WITHDRAWN
In 2000 neonicotinoids came
to our rescue…..
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2014, 2015, 2016 & 2017
Four autumns of contrasting
experiences……..
And most of them very
unpleasant and depressing!
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Season comparisons
• 2014/15: Cool dry September; winter
above average temperatures
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Autumn 2014
Key Successful establishment Successful farm crop Partial establishment Complete failure
NIAB, Staughton
drilled 17-20 Aug
NIAB, Hardwick
Drilled 8 Sept
LSPB, Girton
27-29 Aug
LSPB, Impington
4-8 Sept
Saaten Union,
Cowlinge 2-4 Sept
Saaten Union, Wickhambrook
24 Aug
KWS, Barley
29 Aug
Re-drilled 17 Sept
Failed
NIAB, Bottisham
Farm crop 15 Aug, good
Early sowing 19 Aug, OK
Main sowing 29-31, failed
Site written off (4080 plots)
NIAB, Trumpington 2 Sept
Effective write off. Site
maintained by transplants
for disease obs.
NIAB HQ
22 Aug - OK
4 fields 2-7 Sept
Fragments only
remaining,
supplemented
by transplants
ADAS Boxworth Drilled 22
Aug; Re-drilled 8 Sept. Failed
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Autumn 2014
Key Successful establishment Successful farm crop Partial establishment Complete failure
NIAB, Staughton
drilled 17-20 Aug
NIAB, Hardwick
Drilled 8 Sept
LSPB, Girton
27-29 Aug
LSPB, Impington
4-8 Sept
Saaten Union,
Cowlinge 2-4 Sept
Saaten Union, Wickhambrook
24 Aug
KWS, Barley
29 Aug
Re-drilled 17 Sept
Failed
NIAB, Bottisham
Farm crop 15 Aug, good
Early sowing 19 Aug, OK
Main sowing 29-31, failed
Site written off (4080 plots)
NIAB, Trumpington 2 Sept
Effective write off. Site
maintained by transplants
for disease obs.
NIAB HQ
22 Aug - OK
4 fields 2-7 Sept
Fragments only
remaining,
supplemented
by transplants
ADAS Boxworth Drilled 22
Aug; Re-drilled 8 Sept. Failed
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Adult damage to crop establishment -
before, during and after emergence
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Season comparisons
• 2014/15: Cool dry September; winter above
average temperatures
• 2015/16: Warmer September with better
rainfall; winter above average temperatures
• 2016/17: Dry September; Early
October/November frosts and more normal
winter
• 2017/18: Good rainfall – so far so good……
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Larval feeding damage
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What we learnt about good establishment
• Trap cropping with treated seed
• Early sowing
• Fine seed bed
• Seed bed moisture
• Seed bed nutrients
• Insect monitoring
• Avoidance of pre-emergence herbicides
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CSFB Monitoring
• Good success with Yellow Sticky traps
• Water traps – effective but management issues
• Inform pesticide applications
• Monitor progress of migration
Yellow sticky Traps Pheromone Traps
Blue sticky Traps
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What we learnt about good establishment for trials:
• Trap cropping with treated seed
• Early sowing
• Fine seed bed
• Seed bed moisture
• Seed bed nutrients
• Insect monitoring
• Avoidance of pre-emergence herbicides
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Two new initiatives introduced for
Autumn 2015
• Crowd Sourcing farm survey
• Experiments with companion crops
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Crowd Sourcing map-Autumn 2015
Questionnaire
• Sowing date
• Crop area
• Cultivation/Establishment
• Insecticide seed treatment and sprays
• Variety type
• Classify crop into 5 damage categories (1 = good; 5 = bad)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
Nu
mb
er
of
resp
on
ses/d
ay
Sowing date
Crop damage intensity
Insignificant Low Moderate Severe Very Severe
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Combined
damage score No. of obs.
Variety type
Mixed 25.3 30
Conventional 25.4 78
Hybrid 27.7 73
Establishment method
Autocast 15.4 7
Plough 21.4 33
Non-inversion 24.1 63
Subcast 27.7 32
Direct drill 33.5 46
Seed treatment
Other 22.3 65
None 26.3 95
Neonicotinoid 36.2 21
Provisional findings
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Crowd sourcing - Autumn 2016
We asked for responses
from farmers who had
stopped growing oilseed
rape – Black pins
Fewer responses:
Had become over
complicated
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Sowing date x beetle damage
0
20
40
60
80
100
01/08/16 08/08/16 15/08/16 22/08/16 29/08/16 05/09/16 12/09/16
Cro
p d
am
ag
e i
nd
ex
Sowing date
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Sowing date x beetle damage
0
20
40
60
80
100
01/08/16 08/08/16 15/08/16 22/08/16 29/08/16 05/09/16 12/09/16
Cro
p d
am
ag
e i
nd
ex
Sowing date
A less clear relationship with sowing date because the dry conditions
delayed emergence, especially in the south-east
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Experiments with companion crops
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Three locations with low, medium and high CSFB
pressure
Sutton Scotney, Hampshire
Morley, Norfolk
Hinxton, Cambridge
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Seed rate x companion crop experiment
Companion crop
OSR seed rate/m2
60 80 100 120
No companion crop N60 N80 N100 N120
Mixture A A60 A80 A100 A120
Mixture B B60 B80 B100 B120
Mixture C C60 C80 C100 C120
OSR variety: CHARGER
A = Insect deterrent?: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenungraecum)
B = Insect attractant: Pak choi/Chinese cabbage/salad rocket/linseed
C = Insect neutral: Berseem clover/crimson clover/Persian clover/common vetch
Replicates: 4
Sites: 3 – Cambridge (Hinxton), Morley, Sutton Scotney
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Early establishment
Fenugreek Brassica -
linseed mix
Legume mix
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Collaborative results with PhD student Duncan Coston, Supervised by Sam Cook & Lin Field (Rothamsted Research ); Tom Breeze & Simon Potts (University of Reading) NIAB, Hinxton site, 2016
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Damage observations (1 good; 5 bad)
29/09 15/10 29/09 15/10
OSR 60 3.8 4.3
OSR 80 3.5 3.8
OSR 100 3.3 3.5
OSR 120 3.8 3.3 3.6 3.7
A OSR 60 4.0 3.3
A OSR 80 3.5 2.8
A OSR 100 3.5 3.3
A OSR 120 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.1
B OSR 60 2.3 1.0
B OSR 80 2.0 1.0
B OSR 100 2.3 1.0
B OSR 120 2.5 1.0 2.3 1.0
C OSR 60 3.5 2.8
C OSR 80 3.3 2.5
C OSR 100 3.0 2.5
C OSR 120 3.3 2.5 3.3 2.6
Trt x sdrt Trt means
Cambridge obs.
Treatment
name
Treatment
Name 12/1 26/1 12/1 26/1
OSR 60 3.5 3.5
OSR 80 3.3 3.3
OSR 100 3.5 3.5
OSR 120 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4
A OSR 60 3.3 3.0
A OSR 80 3.3 2.8
A OSR 100 3.5 3.0
A OSR 120 3.3 3.0 3.4 3.0
B OSR 60 3.0 3.0
B OSR 80 3.0 2.8
B OSR 100 3.0 3.0
B OSR 120 3.0 2.3 3.0 2.8
C OSR 60 3.3 3.0
C OSR 80 3.3 2.8
C OSR 100 3.3 2.5
C OSR 120 3.3 2.8 3.3 2.8
Morley obs.
Trt x sdrt Trt means
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Control of companion species
• No killing frosts in 2015/16 winter
• Several herbicide applications were tried but were rather ineffective post-Christmas and limited by label regulations
• Brassica/linseed mix was particularly resilient – crowded-out the OSR
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Yield - No CSFB pressure
3.0
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.0
Yie
ld (t/
ha)
Yield (t/ha) Sutton Scotney - 2016
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Companions for 2016/17
Crop
Mix
code
1000
seed
weight
seeds
/m2
seed
wt/m2
Plot
size
Packet
size
OSR 4.5 60 0.27 20 5.4
OSR 4.5 90 0.41 20 8.1
OSR 4.5 120 0.54 20 10.8
Companions
Fenugreek A 12.0 250 3.00 20 60.0
Pak choi B 1.9 80 0.15 20 3.0
Chinese kale B 4.0 80 0.32 20 6.4
Choi sum B 2.4 80 0.19 20 3.8
Rocket C 1.4 125 0.18 20 3.5
White mustard C 7.4 125 0.93 20 18.5
Buck wheat D 33.4 250 8.35 20 167.0
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14/12 2016 Cambridge - Fenugreek
No surviving oilseed rape
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14/12 2016 Cambridge – Brassica mix
No surviving oilseed rape
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Buck wheat, with OSR plots in foreground
No surviving oilseed rape
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White mustard,
and 34 ha of weeds and desolation
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But what have we here?!
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Autumn 2016 – Morley - damage Trt.
No.
WOR
sdrtCompanion mix 09/09 14/09 19/09 26/09 07/10 12/10
1 60 - 1.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.0 1.0
2 90 - 1.0 3.0 2.7 3.7 2.3 1.3
3 120 - 1.0 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.3 1.0
4 60 Fenugreek 1.0 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.0 1.0
5 90 Fenugreek 1.0 2.7 2.3 2.7 2.0 1.0
6 120 Fenugreek 1.0 2.0 2.3 3.0 2.0 1.0
7 60 Chinese brassicas 1.0 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.3
8 90 Chinese brassicas 1.0 2.3 3.0 3.3 2.7 2.0
9 120 Chinese brassicas 1.0 2.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 1.7
10 60 Mustard & Rocket 1.0 1.7 1.7 2.0 2.3 1.0
11 90 Mustard & Rocket 1.0 1.7 2.0 2.0 2.3 1.3
12 120 Mustard& Rocket 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.3
13 60 Buck wheat 1.0 1.7 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.0
14 90 Buck wheat 1.0 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.0
15 120 Buck wheat 1.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 1.0
1.0 2.4 2.5 2.9 2.4 1.3Averaged over treatments
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Good companion-bad companion
White mustard
Salad rocket
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OSR stunted in mustard mix
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Observations on the 2017 companions
• All except Rocket (Eruca sativa) proved susceptible to the frost
• The white mustard/rocket mix appeared to have potential for protecting the crop
• But:
• If not controlled until after the winter, it will stunt the OSR and reduce yield potential
• Much work still to do
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Overall conclusions
• Cabbage stem flea beetles remain a huge threat to the oilseed rape crop
• Threat is greater for later sowings
• Attention to improved conditions for rapid germination is important
• No immediate promise of chemical control
• Successive cold winters may help
• Companion crops have potential and white mustard seems to be the best candidate
• More work needed
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2017/18
• Companion crop studies concentrating
exclusively on white and brown mustards
• Early indications of lower flea beetle
pressure in traditional areas
• Problems increasing in more peripheral
areas
• Repeat survey – with wider participation?
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Thank you for listening!