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SHOULDER
ANATOMY
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Shoulder
• It is a ball and socket
joint that moves in all
three planes:
– Most mobile and least
stable joint.
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BONY
ANATOMY
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Humerus
• proximal end articulates
with scapula to from
shoulder
• distal end articulates with
bones of the forearm to
form elbow
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Shoulder Landmarks
• Humerus-
– Head- is the semi round
proximal end,
articulates with the
scapula.
– Shaft- body of the
humerus is the area
between the neck and
the epicondyles.
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Shoulder Landmarks
• Surgical Neck- where the
head meets the body.
• Anatomical neck- where
the head meets the
tubercles.
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Shoulder Landmarks• Greater Tubercle/Tuberosity- large
projection lateral to the head.
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
attach here.
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Shoulder Landmarks• Lesser Tubercle/Tuberosity- smaller projection on
the anterior surface, subscapularis attaches here.
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Shoulder Landmarks• Deltoid tuberosity- lateral side, near the
midpoint, deltoid attaches here.
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Shoulder Landmarks
• Bicipital Groove- groove between the
tubercles containing the long head of the
biceps tendon.
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Scapula
• the shoulder blade
Glenoid fossa has ring of
cartilage called labrum to
deepen the articular surface
• the glenoid fossa of the
scapula articulates with the
humerus to form the
glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
• the acromion process
articulates with the clavicle to
from the acromioclavicular
joint (tip of the shoulder)
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Specific Scapular Landmarks
• Medial Border
• Lateral Border
• Superior Border
• Inferior Angle
• Supraspinatus fossa
• Infraspinatus fossa
• Subscapular fossa
• Spine
• Coracoid Process
• Acromion Process
• Glenoid Fossa
• Refer to previous slide
for exact locations
• Also in QUIZLET
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Shoulder LandmarksScapula
Glenoid labrum-fibrocartilage ring attached to
the rim of the glenoid fossa, which deepens the
cavity.
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Clavicle
• distally articulates with the
acromion process to form the
AC joint
• Proximally articulates with
the sternum to form SC joint
Sternum
• Midline
• Attached to clavicle to
allow for elevation &
depression
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MUSCLATURE
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Movements
• Flexion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction
• Internal Rotation & External Rotation
• Horiz. Abduction & Horiz. Adduction
• Protraction & Retraction
• Elevation & Depression
• Circumduction
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Group 1 - Muscles
• From the Skeleton to the Humerus
– Latissimus Dorsi
– Pectoralis Major
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Latissimus Dorsi
• the “lats”
• gives wing like
appearance to sides
• starts along the
thoracic vertebrae of
back and inserts on the
anterior aspect of
humerus
• functions extend ,
adduct and medially
rotate the arm
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Muscles of the Shoulder Joint
• Latissimus Dorsi-
means widest, back, so
the widest back
muscle. It is mostly
superficial and is
involved with shoulder
extension , adduction
and internal rotation
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Pectoralis Major
• the chest muscle
• originates along the
sternum and clavicle,
inserts on the humerus
• it functions to:
~ adduct
~ flex
~medially rotate
the arm.
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Muscles of the Shoulder Joint
• Pectoralis Major-
– Clavicular portion-most effective during
flexion from 0-90
– Sternal portion- most effective in extension
180-120 degrees of shoulder extension
– Both of them adduct, internally rotate and
horizontally adduct the shoulder.
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Group 2 Muscles
• Scapula to Humerus
– Deltoid
– Teres Major
– Rotator Cuff (SITS)
• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres Minor
• Subscapularis
– Biceps
– Triceps
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Deltoid
• the muslce that gives
contour to the shoulder
• originates along the
spine of the scapula and
clavicle, inserts on the
humerus
• all fibers abduct the
arm
• anterior fibers: flex
and medially rotate arm
• posterior fibers: extend
and laterally rotate arm
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Muscles of the Shoulder Joint
• Deltoid is superficial muscle. All three parts of it
attach to the deltoid tuberosity.
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Rotator Cuff.
• Supraspinatus: 1st 10 degrees of abduction
and external rotation
• Infraspinatus: external rotation
• Teres minor: external rotation
• Subscapularis: internal rotation
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Rotator Cuff• Group of four muscles
that act to hold the
head of the humerus
into the glenoid fossa
– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teres Minor
– Subscapularis
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** Note that there are no muscles on
the inferior aspect of the shoulder!!
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CUFF
• The four rotator cuff
muscles cover the humeral
head and hold the head
against the glenoid fossa.
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Know these muscles if you remember
nothing else.
– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teres Minor
– Subscapularis
SITS muscles
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Supraspinatus-anterior superior shoulder. It is superior to the
spine of the scapula.
– abduction
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Infraspinatus-
– posterior inferior shoulder
region
– Inferior to the spine of the
scapula
– External rotation
– Insertion is greater tubercle of
humerus
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Teres Minor- posterior
shoulder
– External rotation
– Insertion on greater tubercle
of humerus
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
• Subscapularis-anterior
shoulder
– Internal rotation
– Insertion is lesser tubercle of
humerus
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Rotator Cuff Muscles
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Teres Major
• Teres Major- it is the
little helper of the lats.
It runs from the axillary
boarder of the scapula to
the lesser tubercle of the
humerus.
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Biceps
• the “popeye” muscle
• on anterior aspect of
arm
• crosses both the
shoulder and elbow
• flexes the arm
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Triceps
• on the posterior aspect
of the arm
• crosses both the
shoulder and elbow
• extends the arm
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Muscles of the shoulder
• Triceps brachii-
entire muscle mass
of posterior arm. It
attaches to the
olecranon process
when all 3 heads of
the muscle combine.
Function is
extension. Radial
nerve.
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Group 3 Muscles
• Scapular Muscles – From the skeleton to the
scapula
• Provides dynamic stability to the shoulder
– Levator Scapula
– Trapezius
– Rhomboids
– Serratus Anterior
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Trapezius
• large, triangular
muscle
• starts at base of
skull, runs out to tip
of shoulder and
down to the 12th
thoracic vertebrae
• functions to shrug
and square the
shoulders
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Rhomboids
• group of two
muscles that run
diagonally from the
spine to the medial
border of the scapula
• they function to
retract the scapula
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Labrum• Ring of cartilage similar to the menisci of the
knee.
• Deepens the articular surface of the genoid
fossa and adds to the stability of the shoulder
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Review of Joints
• Glenoid fossa+humerus=glenohumeral joint (GH)
(scapula)
• Acromion process + clavicle =acromioclavicular
(scapula) (AC)
• Sternum + clavicle=sternoclavicular (SC)
• Scapula+rib cage= scapulothoracic articulation