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Setting the StageSetting the Stage What didnWhat didn’’t Muhammad leave?t Muhammad leave?
– SuccessorSuccessor Who became the next leader?Who became the next leader? Abu-BakrAbu-Bakr
– Life long friend & supporter Life long friend & supporter What was his title?What was his title?
– Caliph (Caliph (““SuccessorSuccessor””) ) Head of Head of
– State, army, society, econ & law State, army, society, econ & law
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SpreadSpread
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““Rightly GuidedRightly Guided”” Caliphs Caliphs
Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Why?Why?
– Used QurUsed Qur’’an & Man & M’’s actionss actions– Sunna & HadithSunna & Hadith
As guides to leadership As guides to leadership Hence = Hence = ““Rightly GuidedRightly Guided””
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Jihad Jihad
2 types in the Qur2 types in the Qur’’an an – ““Inner struggleInner struggle”” – Holy war against infidelsHoly war against infidels
Abu-Bakr & other CaliphsAbu-Bakr & other Caliphs– Justification to spread Islam Justification to spread Islam
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Reasons for Success Reasons for Success
Willing to fight to extend Willing to fight to extend Islam Islam
Saw victories as a signSaw victories as a sign– AllahAllah’’s supports support
Energy & inspiration Energy & inspiration
Armies Armies – Well disciplined & good Well disciplined & good
leaders leaders
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Reasons for SuccessReasons for Success
Weak empires to the northWeak empires to the north– Byzantine & SassanidByzantine & Sassanid
Exhausted from constant warfare Exhausted from constant warfare
– Rel. Persecution Rel. Persecution Christianity V. Zoroastrianism Christianity V. Zoroastrianism
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Treatment of Conquered PeoplesTreatment of Conquered Peoples Qur’an forbade forced conversionQur’an forbade forced conversion Tolerated Christianity and JudaismTolerated Christianity and Judaism
– WHY?WHY?
Non-Muslims:Non-Muslims:– Practice their religionPractice their religion– Could hold important positions Could hold important positions
Officials, bureaucrats & scholarsOfficials, bureaucrats & scholars
– BUTBUT CanCan’’t spread their faitht spread their faith Intermarriage discouragedIntermarriage discouraged Pay Pay poll tax poll tax
– Except from military service Except from military service
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Internal ConflictInternal Conflict
Civil War & assassinationsCivil War & assassinations– Uthman Uthman – Ali (MAli (M’’s son-in-law & cousin)s son-in-law & cousin)
Umayyads (661-750)Umayyads (661-750)– Moved capital to Damascus Moved capital to Damascus
Better location to control the empire Better location to control the empire
– Abandoned simple life Abandoned simple life Surrounded by wealth & ceremony Surrounded by wealth & ceremony
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The Split The Split Majority of Muslims Majority of Muslims
accepted Umayyadsaccepted Umayyads– Sunni (83% modern day) Sunni (83% modern day)
Mostly Arabs Mostly Arabs
Minority Minority – Caliph must be Caliph must be
descendant of the Prophetdescendant of the Prophet ShiShi’’a (16% modern day) a (16% modern day)
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SufismSufism
MysticismMysticism Rejected Rejected
luxuriesluxuries
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Abbasids (750-1258)Abbasids (750-1258)
Umayyad faced Umayyad faced – Vigorous rel & pol opposition Vigorous rel & pol opposition
Abbasids Abbasids – Most powerful rebel group Most powerful rebel group – Ruthlessly murdered UmayyadRuthlessly murdered Umayyad
Moved the capital 762Moved the capital 762– BaghdadBaghdad
Location = key trade routes Location = key trade routes
Failed to maintain complete pol. control Failed to maintain complete pol. control – Independent Muslim states Independent Muslim states
Rel, Language, trade & econ. ties Rel, Language, trade & econ. ties