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INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
Karan Shah F073
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WHAT EXACTLY IS INDUSTRIAL
AUTOMATION?
Industrial automation or numerical control is theuse of control systems such as computers to control
industrial machinery and processes, reducing theneed for human intervention.
In the scope of industrialization, automation is astep beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization
provided human operators with machinery to assistthem with the physical requirements of work,automation greatly reduces the need for humansensory and mental requirements as well.
Processes and systems can also be automated.
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A FEW EXAMPLES FOR BETTER
UNDERSTANDING Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been
replaced largely by automated telephoneswitchboards and answering machines. Medical
processes such as primary screening inelectrocardiography or radiography and laboratoryanalysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues arecarried out at much greater speed and accuracy byautomated systems. Automated teller machines have
reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash andcarry out transactions. In general, automation hasbeen responsible for the shift in the world economyfrom agrarian to industrial in the 19th century andfrom industrial to services in the 20th century.
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APPLICATIONS
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WHY IS AUTOMATION NECESSARY
Reliability and precision
Repeatability
Convertibility and turnaround time
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MAIN BODY OF AUTOMATION
SCADA - Supervisory Control and DataAcquisition
PLC - Programmable Logic Controller DRIVES - Variable Speed Drives
SENSORS Transducers, Feedbackequipment's.
AUXILIARIES Converters, Power Supplies,Different Communication mediums etc.
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SCADA
SUPERVISORY CONTROL means monitoring& controlling the parameters of the equipmentor process at a factory, plant or other remote
location away from the monitoring computer DATA ACQUISITION refers to the continuous
monitoring of these equipment's in order toretrieve the control information.
USES Chemical Plants, Electricity Generation, Electric PowerTransmission, Traffic Signal etc.
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TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM
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SCADA SUB-SYSTEMS
Human-Machine Interface is the apparatuswhich presents process data to a humanoperator, and through this, the humanoperator monitors and controls the process.
Remote Terminal Units connecting to sensors in
the process, converting sensor signals to digitaldata and sending digital data to the supervisorysystem
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SCADA
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HMI
DIFFERENCE IN SCADA & HMI
HMI is fitted directly on the field locationSCADA is fitted at the remote location
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PLC Programmable logic controllers are the most widely used
electronic devices in the control of production andassembly process in most automated factories due to itssimplicity and versatility.
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a user friendly,microprocessor-based, specialized computercarrying out control functions of many types and levelsof complexity in industrial applications.
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TYPES OF PLC PROGRAMMING
Ladder Logic
Sequential Function Charts
Function Block Diagram
Structured Text
Instruction List
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MODULAR PLC
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LADDER LOGIC
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AC MOTORS
It commonly consists of two basic parts, anoutside stationary stator, and an inside rotorattached to the output shaft.
There are two main types of AC motors,depending on the type of rotor used.
Induction motor
Synchronous motor
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DC MOTOR
A DC motor is a mechanicallycommutated electric motorpowered from direct current (DC).The stator is stationary in space by
definition and therefore so is itscurrent. The current in the rotor isswitched by the commutator toalso be stationary in space. This ishow the relative angle between thestator and rotor magnetic flux ismaintained near 90 degrees,which generates the maximumtorque.
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SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
Armature voltage control
This method is used for controlling speed up tobase speed of the motor. Base speed is the speed
at which the motor delivers the rated power andtorque at rated armature and field current.
Field control
if the speed required is more than the base
speed and the armature voltage is not beincreased beyond the rated voltage, the choice isto decrease the field flux. To achieve this, thefield current is to be decreased.
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SENSORS
A sensor (also calleddetector) is a converter thatmeasures a physicalquantity and converts it into
a signal which can be readby an observer or by an(today mostly electronic)instrument.
LIMIT SWITCHLimit switch is a switchoperated by the motion of amachine part or presence ofan object. They are used for
control of a machine, assafety interlocks, or to countobjects passing a point.
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CASE STUDY ON FULLY
AUTOMATED OIL TANKER There are several layers of Automation used in Marine
Application Fully Mechanised Ships
These were the initial kind of ships having very low or no level ofautomation and all operation were to be carried out mechanically
Semi-Automated Ships These type of ships have several automated operations but they are
not communicating with each other and need to calibratedindividually
Fully Automated Ships These types of ships have all systems working in communication
with a master computer which controls each operation. They havesystems for self-calibration like sensor feedback systems, closedcircuit operation
Autonomous Ships These type of ships are unmanned and work autonomously by
their actually control offshore, these ships are still under research.
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MasterController
Boiler Control
BurnerControl
Level Switch
Level Sensor
Pump andValve Control
Inert GasSystem
Gas InputController
ScrubberController
Sample LineCheckingSystem
Pump AndValve
Controller
PropulsionSystem
Main EngineControl
Bow ThrusterControl
Steering
System
HydraulicControlling
System
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THANK YOU