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Sedimentary Basins & theirSedimentation Pattern
Rajesh Singh ShekhawatMSc (Prev.) 2011
Under the guidance ofProfessor D. K. Pandey
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Sedimentary basins are regions of prolongedsubsidence of Earth's surface.
Driving Mechanisms Plate Tectonics, &
other tectonic and Dynamic activities - resultin isostatic adjustments, loading & unloading.
Earth's crust About 20 rigid plates, whose
movement result in Divergence,Convergence, & Strike-slip Basin formation.
INTRODUCTION
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Major & Minor Plates of Earths Lithosphere
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Tectonic Elements of Earth
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Factors affecting depositional processes & resulting sedimentary facies
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5.Suturing
1. RiftBasin
2. Proto-Ocean &Ocean Basin
3. Arc-Trench Formation4. Ocean Closure
Wilson Cycle
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Many classifications given. In general, the basis of classification are
Type of Crust on which the basins rest,
Position of basin with respect to plate margins,
Type of plate interactions during sedimentation for basinslying close to a plate margin.
Classification of SedimentaryBasins
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Most Comprehensive Basin Classification by Busby &Ingersoll (1995)
Divergent Settings
Terrestrial rift
valleys
Rifts within continental crust commonly
associated with bimodal volcanism. Ex
Rio Grand rift (New Mexico)
Proto-oceanicrift troughs Incipient oceanic basins floored by newoceanic crust & flanked by young rifted
continental margins. ExRed Sea
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Intraplate SettingsPassive
Margin basin
Mature rifted continental margins in intraplate
settings at OC interfaces. ExEast Coast of USA
Continental
embankmen
ts
Progradational sediment wedges constructed off
edges of rifted continental margins. Ex
Mississippi Gulf CoastIntracratonic
basins
Broad cratonic basins floored by fossil rifts in
axial zones. ExChad Basin (Africa)Continental
platforms
Stable cratons covered with thin & laterally
extensive sedimentary strata. Ex Barents Sea
(Asia)Active ocean
basins
At divergent plate boundaries (spreading still
active). Ex Pacific Ocean
Oceanic Is,
aseismic
ridges,
Sedimentary aprons & platforms; In intraoceanic
settings other than magmatic arcs. ExEmperor-
Hawaii seamounts
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Convergent settingsTrenches Deep troughs; By subduction of oceanic lithosphere.
ExChile TrenchTrench-slope
basins
Local depressions upper part of Trenches. ExCentral
America TrenchForearc basins Within arc-trench gaps. ExSumatraIntraarc basins Along arc platform. ExLago de NicaraguaBackarc basins Oceanic behind intraoceanic magmatic arcs(O-O). Ex
Marianas.
Continental behind continental-margin magmatic arcswithout foreland fold-thrust belts(C-C). ExJapan Sea.
Retroarc
foreland basins
Foreland basins on subducting plate in C-C/C-O formed
by subduction-generated compression &/or collision).
ExAndes foothillsRemnant ocean
basins
Shrinking ocean basins caught b/w colliding continental
margins &/or arc-trench systems. ExBay of Bengal
Peripheral
foreland basins
Foreland basins above subducted continental margins
during C-C collisions. ExPersian Gulf
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Hybrid settingsIntracontinental wrenchbasins
Diverse basins form due to distant collisionalprocesses. ExQaidam Basin (China).
Aulacogens Failed rifts at high angles to continental margins.ExNorth Sea.
Impactogens Rifts at high angles to orogenic belts, without
preorogenic history (in contrast with aulacogens).ExBaikal rift (Siberia).
Successor
basins
Form in intermontane settings following cessationof local orogenic activity. ExS. Basin & Range
Transform/Strike-Slip settingsTranstensio
nal
By extension along strike-slip fault systems. Ex
Salton Sea.Transpressional
By compression. ExSanta Barbara Basin.
Transrotational
By rotation of crustal blocks about vertical axes. ExWestern Aleutian.
Overstep B/W ends of 2 sub-parallel strike-slip fault segments.Ex Dead Sea Basin
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Strike-Slip Basins
Form in a wide variety of geodynamical settings;Varied structural history, active seismicity & low heat
flow.High Subsidence & Sedimentatiion rates.Relatively narrow, high syndepositional relief .
Sedimentary Fill Rapid lateral facies changes
Marginal Fans(breccias, Conglmerates) tight up againstthe fault;
Axial lacustrine facies mud, shale;Streamflow-dominated fans(fluviatile sandstone &
conglomerate) along opposite margin;
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Best known intracontinentaltransform San Andreas system,
& 1 of the best documented pullapart basins in this system Ridge Basin, California.
Strike-Slip Basins Continued.
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Basins in Convergent Setting
Compressive regime inhomogeneous stressdistribution & thermal effects produces both,Extensional & Compressional Basins.
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Backarc Basin
Extensional;
Typically underfilled, containing mainly deep-watersediment of volcaniclastic & pelagic origin.
Initially, volcaniclastics interfinger with a backgroundof pelagic clays.
As subsidence continues & outstrips sedimentsupply, seafloor descends below CCD accumulatessiliceous rather than calcareous clays.
Clastic wedges into landward edge of basin fromcontinent.
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Back-arc Basin
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Foreland BasinsBack-arc region floored by continental lithosphere flexural
subsidence coupled with major fold & thrust tectonics.
Contains 4 depositional zones Wedge top/ Piggy Back BasinsForedeepForebulgeBackbulge
Foredeep & Piggy-back Basins most common.
F l d B i S di Fill
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Early Stage deposits Limestones, deep-water muds &interbedded turbidite sandstones Flysch"
Later Stage Transition to coarse-grained (upwardcoarsening) fluvial/alluvial clastic rocks Molasse".
Foreland Basins Sediment Fill
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Retro-arc foreland basins
Peripheral foreland Basin
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Basins in Intraplate SettingsRift BasinsWithin continental; Opening stage of Wilson
Cycle/continental break-up .
Long, narrow, linear; No or poor connection with sea.
MechanismsActive Rifting East African Rift
Passive Rifting
Sediment FillCoarse, non-marine, alluvial, fluvial & lacustrinesiliciclastics & volcaniclastics texturally &
mineralogically immature.
Where periodic connection with sea(esp. in rift climaxphase) Evaporites (Jurassic of Gulf of Mexico & Texas).
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East African Rift Basin
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Proto Oceanic Rift Basins
Post-rift phase Basin floored with Oceanic crust.
Ex Red Sea, b/w Africa & Arabia;
Southern Red Sea young (5Ma) oceanic crust alongits axial zone, with flanking shelves underlain by
stretched continental lithosphere.
To South, transition to continental Afar Rift; To North,Gulf of Suez Rift.
Sediment FillSubsidence outpaces sediment supply.Number of distinctive facies associations indicative of
sediment starvation
Evaporites,Black organic-rich shale
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Red Sea Proto Oceanic Rift Basins
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Cross Section of Red Sea Rift
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Passive Margin BasinsAreas of high sedimentation rates large-listricgravity-driven faults common. In areas of low clasticsediment input Carbonate factories.
Eustasy, Tectonics & other factors(Climate, etc) control accomodation space & sediment availability, &hence sediment diistribution pattern
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References
OCW MITBasin Analysis: Principles & Applications Allen & Allen (2005)
Plate Tectonics: Continental Drift & Mountain Building Frisch, Meschede & Blakey(2011)
Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis A.D.Miall (2000)Sedimentary Basins: Evolution, Facies & Sediemntary Budget Gerhard Einsele
(2000)Global tectonics Kearney, Klepeis & Vine (2009)
Physical Principles of Sedimentary Basins Magnus Wangen (2010)Petroleum Geoscience J.Gluyas & R.Swarbrick (2006)Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics
K.Bjorlykke (2010)Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks Sam Boggs Jr. (2009)Principles of Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Sam Boggs Jr. (2005)
Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Gary Nichols (2009)Applied Sedimentology Richard C. Selley (2000)Earths Dynamic Systems W.K.Hamblin & E.H.ChristiansenEarth Structure: An Intro to Structural geology & Tectonics Pluijm & Marshak
(2004)
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Thank You